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ESTATE MAINTENANCE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Laterite – ideal mix of stones to soil should be around 70:30 ratio.
      - Crusher Run “C” – mixture of granite and chips. Size of 45mm granular and downwards of granite product
      - Gravel – must not be more than 50 mm in diameter
      - Mud Rd Width (2 way)
        
        Primary Rd: 4.5- 5.0m
        
        Secondary Rd: 3.0 - 4.5m
        
        Driven Path: 2.5 - 3.0m
        
        Walking Path: <2.5m
- - - - Ensured by an act which is called the WORKERS’ MINIMUM STANDARDS OF HOUSING AND AMENITIES ACT 1990
      - Details of minimum requirements for workers housing including such matters as conditions necessary for permanent house, temporary house etc.
      - The act gives general requirement for the buildings which include the area of covered spaces, the kitchen, sanitary and washing facilities and the no of person for each house
      - It also gives other requirements such as the distance the distance of the housing from a road, distance between each house and drainage
      - The law also stated ‘to ensure that the buildings are kept in a good state of repair and painted to present a satisfactory appearance
    - - Kept it in a good state of repair, maintenance and well ventilated room
      - Well-maintained security and access control system
      - Painted to present a satisfactory appearance
      - Provide service schedules and alternative arrangements in case facilities are out of order
      - Ensure that no unauthorised extensions or structural alterations are made to the buildings
      - Provide policy and maintenance plan.
      - Health & Safety
        
        a). Cold Pipe Water & Electricity
        
        b). Sewage & Sanitation
        
        c) Fire Safety
        
        d) First Aids facilities
  - - - septic tank - serves as a settling basin, a solids storage for sludge and scum, and a digestion reservoir.
      - Absorption field or seepage pit - discharging liquids to the disposal field while the gases are vented to the atmosphere
      - Warning signs of septic tank system failure:
      - Odours, surfacing sewage, wet spots or lush vegetation growth in the drain field area
      - Plumbing or septic tank backups
      - Gurgling sounds in the plumbing system
      - Slow draining fixtures.
    - - Inspect your system once each year - generally, septic tanks should be pumped every three to five years. Inspection, by you or a professional, may show that you need to pump more less often.
      - Pump out your septic tank when needed - don’t wait until you have a problem. Routine pumping can prevent system failures.
      - Keep accurate records - keep a diagram of your system's location and keep a record of system maintenance for future owners.
      - Practice water conservation - the less wastewater you produce, the less strain on your system.
      - Check with a certified septic technician for help with system problems.
      - DON'T
        
        Don't put these into your system: fats or grease, motor oils or fuels, disposable diapers, coffee grounds, egg shells, nut shells, filter tip cigarettes etc.
        
        Keep traffic off your drain field: no vehicles, heavy equipment or livestock because the pressure can compact the soil or damage the system pipes. Do not plant a garden; construct a building or a pool near the septic system without checking with the health department first.
        
        Grass is the best cover for your septic system: do not place impermeable materials over your drain field. Oxygen is needed by bacteria to break down the sewage.
        
        Don't poison your septic tank: drain cleaners, floor cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, paints solvents, waxes, polishes, coating or strippers may destroy important bacteria in the septic tank and contaminate ground and surface water.
        
        Don't use a garbage disposal: it adds solids and grease to the system.
        
        Keep all runoff away from your system: water from roofs, driveways and patios could overwhelm the drain field, causing irreversible damage.
        
        NEVER enter any septic tank: poisonous gases or lack of oxygen can be fatal. Any work to the tank should be done from the outside.
        
        Use of septic tank additives is not recommended on a regular basis: additives may provide a short-term benefit but create long-term problems. If used continually these products do not reduce the need for routine pumping.
  - - - Must be 1.8 m of the board’s point supply
      - A clear position with good access is necessary
      - Subsidiary distribution boards are used in separate buildings
      - A main control switch for cutting off the whole installation is set adjoining the meter
      - Normally separate circuits are required for each installation and for lighting
      - Standby supplies (Generator Set or Genset)
      - For safety purposes standby supplies are required in certain offices, factories or hospitals
    - - Standard for material and workmanship of electric wiring is laid down in Suruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia (Energy Commission) regulations, methods & procedures.
      - The TNB on the behalf of STM can refuse to connect their supply to installations which do not meet the standard
      - Faults with inadequate size wires will not become apparent until the system is fully loaded and sufficient equipment is switched on at the same time for cables to overheat
      - Farm wiring must withstand both condensation and accidental mechanical damage, wiring standards are therefore up-rated
    - - The ‘live’ wire is equally effective in providing power when connected to the ground as it is when connected to the return wire
      - All insulating construction or double-insulation is acceptable. Example - hand power tools
      - Normally any exposed metal parts of appliances must be earthed through a heavy (low-resistant) cable to earth
      - When a breakdown occurs, the additional current drawn by the earth wire blow the fuses
      - Earthing & Grounding requires an ‘effective connection’ to the general mass of the earth, involving an adequate area of contact
    - - MCB is an electromechanical device which guards an electrical circuit from an over current, that may effect from short circuit, overload or imperfect design.
      - Replacing fuses with circuit breakers, which can be reset unlike fuses breakage, if ‘trip’.
      - An alternative system is the circuit breaker or ‘trip’, a bi-metal strip or an electro-magnet, or both, cuts off the supply when the current exceeds 1.25 times the normal load. The normal current rating is ranges from 0.5-63 A
    - - Principle is to stop injury to humans due to electric shock and interrupt the circuit if an unsafe voltage is detected by detecting leakage current quickly.
      - The fault current is pass by grounding
      - Phase (line), Neutral and Earth wire connected through ELCB.
      - Operating Time of ELCB:
      - The safest limit of Current which Human Body can withstand is 30ma sec.
      - Suppose Human Body Resistance is 500Ω and Voltage to ground is 230 Volt.
      - The Body current will be 500/230=460mA.
      - Hence ELCB must be operated in 30maSec/460mA = 0.65msec (less time than this)
    - - This circuit Breaker is an electromechanical device which guards a circuit from short circuit and over current. They offer short circuit and over current protection for circuits ranges from 63 Amps-3000 Amps. Higher than MCB
      - Connected in series with the main fuse will operate in a similar way to other circuit breakers
      - It trips when the voltage difference between the earth wire and the earth itself exceeds a predetermined value
      - Test button should be tested periodically
      - If trip, can be reset.
      - Low voltage system
      - Act as an additional protection
      - In situations where there is high risk of contact with electrical wires caused by washing water or condensation, circuit can be run on a 12 volt system