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Organic Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
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The complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen releases lots of energy, the waste products are water vapour and carbon dioxide.
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During combustion, carbon and hydrogen from hydrocarbon are oxidised. Oxidation is the gain of oxygen
Hydrocarbons can be used as fuels due to the amount of energy they release when they combust completely
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Bonding in polymers
Polymers are made up of thousands of small, identical molecules, monomers, which are often alkene molecules
Monomers have double carbon bonds while polymers have single covalent bonds, which are very strong
Polymers are solids at room temperature because they have relatively strong intermolecular forces between the molecules so it takes a lot of energy to separate the molecules.
Fractional Distillation
How it works:
- oil is heated until most of it is gas, the gas then enters the fractionating column
- There's a temperature gradient (hot at the bottom then cooler as you go up the column)
- Longer chain hydrocarbons have higher boiling points so they condense back into liquids and drain out of the column early on when they are near the bottom. Shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points so they condense and drain out later on, near the top of the column where it is cooler
- In the end you are left with crude oil mixture separated into different fractions, each fraction has a similar number of carbon atoms (so they have similar boiling points)
- Crude oil is formed over millions of years from the remains of plants and animals, mainly plankton, that were buried in mud. Over the years, with high temperature and pressure, the remains turned to crude oil, which can be drilled from the rocks where it is found. Crude oil is a fossil fuel often used for fuels.
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