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Unit 3 Neck and Head, Temporal Region, Skull, Facial Artery Branching,…

- - - - Superior and inferior bodies
        
        Two parts that are connected by a tendon
  - - - Anterior body
      - Posterior Body
      - Triangle formed from the Digastric ant. and post. bodies along with the mandible
      - Post belly innerv. = facial nerve
      - Action: Depress the mandible or elevate the hyoid bone
      - Anterior belly innerv. = nerve to mylohyoid (branch of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve)
      - Tendon connects the two bodies together,
      - Attaches from its tendon to hyoid through a fascia sling
    - - Stylohyoid
        
        Insertion Hyoid bone
        
        Innervation: Facial Nerve, CVII (C7)
        
        Origin Styloid Process
        
        Action: Elevate hyoid bone
        
        Splits to pass the digastric tendon and attach to hyoid
      - Mylohyoid
        
        This muscle is located at the midline of the neck and also creates a slinglike/hammock pouch
        
        Situated superiorly on this muscle is the geniohyoid m.
        
        Geniohyoid m.
        
        Innerv. of Geniohyoid= ansa cervicalis
    - - Triangle is formed from Anterior body of digastric m. and midline of the neck
- - - - Actions of M.
        
        Flexion = Tilting Head Forward
        
        Hyper Extension = Tilting Head backwards
        
        Anterolateral flexion = lateral flexion with rotation
        
        Lateral Flexion= Leaning Head to a side
        
        Rotation of Head = twisting head (making no gesture with head)
        
        !!!!Contralateral rotation!!!!
        
        This means L SCM will rotate head to the R, ( as L SCM contracts, head is tilted to the R) and vice versa
        
        Extension = Keeping Head neutral
    - - Superficial layer of M.
      - involved in making grimace faces
  - - - attach from shoulder bone to hyoid bone
- - - - Many branches in the neck
        
        Facial
        
        Anterior branch, crosses mandible
        
        is remarkably tortuous, acts and looks like a spring in order to accommodate neck and facial movements
        
        Lingual
        
        Runs deep to tongue
        
        Medial to hypoglossal n. CN XII
        
        Deep to hypoglossus m.
        
        Occipital
        
        Most superior branch, branches at level of facial a. , goes superior to hypoglossal n. CN XII
        
        Ascending pharyngeal
        
        Medial branchnear bifucation of CCA
        
        Most inferior
        
        Runs superiorly onto wall of pharynx
        
        Maxillary
        
        Superior thyroid + Superior laryngeal
        
        Suo. laryngeal- usually a branch of sup. thyroid a., pierces thyrohyoid membrane with internal laryngeal a.
        
        Superior thryoid-is an anterior branch, runs inferiorly toward superior part of thyroid
        
        Superficial temporal
        
        Mnemonic: Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
      - Anterior and Lateral to ICA
    - - Carotid sinus, enlargement of ICA just distal to bifurcation of CCA
      - No branches in the neck
  - - - Has no branches in the neck is also most medial of all the carotid arteries
- - - - Start from opening of mandibular foramen
        
        Exit out of mental foramen
        
        Known as mental artery when exits out of mental foramen
- - - - When Muscle is reflected you can see the nerve and artery attached to it.
        
        Masseteric A. is branch of Maxillary A.
        
        Masseteric nerve is branch of V3
  - - - Basically between the two plates
  - - - Fascia of temporalis m. attaches on the superior temporal line however.
- - - - Postglenoid tubercle
        
        Part of temporal bone
      - Articular tubercle
      - Head of Mandible
- - - - Arises after inf. alveolar n. exits out of mental foramen
    - - Runs through the mandibular canal(shares path with inf. alveolar a.
        
        Start from opening of mandibular foramen
        
        Exit out of mental foramen
        
        Mental n.
      - No muscle innerv. Only GSA to mandibular(lower teeth) and gingiva. Anterior to inf. alveolar a.
    - - Gives sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue and floor of mucosa
      - Anterior to IAN, but does not enter the mandibular canal
      - Passes medial(deep) to 3rd mandibular molar tooth
      - Branch of CN VII (Chorda tympani), (very tiny), joins this nerve posteriorly
    - - Goes medial to mandible, towards bottom of mandible
      - Inner. mylohyoid and ant. belly of digastric muscle.
      - Arises as a branch of inf. alveolar n. before it enters the mandibular canal
  - - - Buccal a. and nerve run vertically between the two pterygoid m. towards the buccinator m. (inner cheek muscle)
      - DO NOT confuse with Buccal branch of VII !!!
        
        It has no motor innervation, only GSA to skin and mucosa of cheek
        
        Facial nerve/ VII has the motor innerv.
- - - - pterygomaxillary fissure
        
        pterygopalatine fossa
- - - - Within fissure is the pterygopalatine fossa
        
        helps to trace Trigeminal Nerve CN V
  - - - Pterygomaxillary fissure
        
        Pterygopalatine fossa
- - - - thin web-like
    - - adherent to the brain
    - - Space between the 2 layers of dura mater
        
        Periosteal layer(lines the skull)
        
        Meningeal (shiny,internal layer covering the brain)
        
        At Foramen Magnum-fuses with the spinal dura
        
        Encases craninal nerves, fuses w/ epineurium/optic sclera for optic n., encases filum terminale, cauda equina to the peristeum at coccyx S2
  - - - Between meningeal arachnoid mater and dura mater
      - Potential Space
    - - Normal space
      - Between arachnoid and pia mater (CSF)
    - - Potential Space(pathological)
      - Between periosteal layer of dura and skull
      - Contains Middle Meningeal A.
  - - - veins which pass through foramina in the skull to provide a venous communication between the dural venous sinuses and veins of the scalp or veins inferior to the skull base
    - - Are located at midline of brain/superior sagittal sinus
      - Connect arachnoid and dura mater/ dura sinuses and allow CSF in the subarachnoid space to be absorbed into the venous system
    - - blood vessels that collect venous blood from the surfaces and interior parts of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum.
  - - - separates occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres + it is perpendicular and separates the falx cerebri and falx cerebelli
    - - separates the 3 cerebellums
    - - separates the cerebral hemispheres
  - - - Transverse Sinus at posterior border
    - - Occipital Sinus
    - - Superior Sagittal Sinus
        
        (drains into the confluence of sinuses)
      - Inferior Sagittal Sinus
        
        Strains into straight sinus
        
        Straight sinus is where the falx cerebri meets the midline of tentorium cerebelli.
    - - the connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus
    - - Superior Sagittal
      - Inferior Sagittal
        
        Straight Sinus
        
        Confluence of Sinus
        
        Transverse
        
        Sigmoid
        
        IJV of respective side
        
        Superior Petrosal from posterior side of Cav. Sinus Drains into Transverse
        
        Cavernous Sinus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Transverse
        
        Sigmoid
        
        IJV of respective side
        
        Superior Petrosal from posterior side of Cav. Sinus Drains into Transverse
        
        Cavernous Sinus
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Common Facial Vein
        
        Deep Facial Vein
        
        Supratrochlear V.
        
        Angular V.
        
        Supraorbital vein
        
        Superior ophthamalic v.
        
        Connection with Cavernous Sinus
      - Anterior Retromandibular Vein
        
        Retromandibular Vein
        
        Superficial Temporal V.
        
        Maxillary V
        
        Pteroygoid Plexus
        
        Travels in the parotid gland!
      - Occipital Vein
    - - Posterior Retromandibular Vein
      - Posterior Auricular Vein
  - - - Provides Sensory innerv. around parotid gland
        
        skin over parotid gland and mastoid process, and both surfaces of the outer ear
      - Composed of branches of spinal nerve C2 and C3
      - originates from the cervical plexus
- - - - Seperates Frontal bones from each other
    - - Separates parietal and frontal bone
    - - Separates parietal bones from each other
    - - Seperates parietal bones and the occipital bones
- - - - Large communicating branch of IJV
      - Posterior auricular v.
      - Retromandibular v.
    - - Suprascapular v.
      - Anterior jugular v.
      - Transverse cervical v.
    - - Has 2 pairs of valves
        
        1 pair at entrance to subclavian v.
        
        1 pair around the clavicle
  - - - Common facial v.
      - Lingual v.
      - Inf. petrosal sinus
      - Pharyngeal v.
      - Sup, mid thyroid v.
      - Occipital. v
    - - 1 vavle above entrance to subclavian v.