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Holistic Medicine Essay - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Clerics and Beggars in Narbonne (Cohn, 2012)
      - Pogroms of Jews (Cohn, 2012) :check:
      - Murder of Catalans in Sicily (Cohn, 2012)
      - No blame of the poor (Cohn, 2012)
  - - - Need for a group to blame for the anger, fear, restrictions and insecurity that a new pandemic brings (Tessler, 2020)
    - - Confounded by the flu of 1918-19; behaved as a new disease and didn't cause hate (Cohn, 2012) #
    - - Contradicted by the Spanish Flu in Britain (Johnson, 2006)
      - 2015 WHO guidelines SPECIFICALLY state that diseases shouldn't be named after a specific area; something that has been subverted by politicians and the media throughout the coronavirus outbreak (WHO, 2015) :Check:
      - A crude example can be seen with 'swine flu' of 2009; where pigs were slaughtered and pork imports prevented, despite pigs not spreading the disease (Kupferschmidt, 2015) :Check:
      - All four epidemics killing more than 1000000 people in the 20th century featured names blaming a population subgroup (Hoppe, 2018) :Check:
      - As Hoppe states, a name is often the first thing that the public find out about a new disease/pandemic; it's essential steps are taken to get this right (Hoppe, 2018) :Check:
  - - - Neapolitan disease (Cohn, 2012) (Nelkin, 1988)
      - French disease (Cohn, 2012) (Nelkin, 1988)
      - Polish disease (Cohn, 2012) (Nelkin, 1988)
      - Disease of Portuguese (Cohn, 2012) (Nelkin, 1988)
      - Disease of the Turks (Cohn, 2012) (Nelkin, 1988)
  - - - 'Chinese Virus' by the US
        
        Done in order to externalise responsibility for the spread (Bieber, 2020) :Check:
      - anti-Asian slurs used, demonstrating racialisation of asian americans (Tessler, 2020) (ADL, 2020) :Check:
      - Possibly a very large driver, as evidence shows that most of NYC covid was spread from Europe (Langreth, 2020):Check:
      - Trump's 'Chinese Virus'; and the fact he defended it 'because it's from China', (Aratani, 2020) shows either ignorance to the delicate nature of disease discourse, or a malicious intent. :Check:
    - - Asian Americans are seen as Chinese, and in turn carriers of disease, regardless of country of origin, or generational status (Tessler, 2020) :Check:
      - 'Perpetual Foreigners' (Tessler, 2020) :Check:
      - Yellow Peril
        
        Belief that east asians are a threat to Western Ideals and politics; an 'invading force' :check:
    - - Boycott of Asian businesses UK (Lindrea et al, 2020) :Check:
      - Most discrimination against Chinese nationals abroad was faced in high income countries (He et al, 2020)
      - Less likely to experience of discrimination with more confirmed cases of COVID-19 (He et al, 2020) #
      - In China, cars with Hubei registration have been attacked (He et al, 2020)
      - Singaporean student beat up in London (Sullivan, 2020):Check:
      - Online; (L1ght, 2020) :check:
        
        900% rise in anti-china/ese hate speech on twitter, but also rise in towards asians in general
        
        70% rise in hate between children and adolescents
        
        Media outlets have propagated this through instigating terminology #
        
        Tech providers should take a stronger stand in stamping out hate speech
      - More examples (Jeung, 2020)
      - In 8 weeks (as of May 2020), almost 1900 documented case of anti-asian discrimination abuse in US; most common being verbal abuse and shunning (Turton, 2020) :check:
      - Present in EU, and propagated by public ministers of some members (FRA, 2020) :Check:
      - Present in France and Australia (Zeng, 2020) :Check:
      - UC Berkeley stated to feel xenophobic was a 'normal' reaction (and later redacted this) (Chiu, 2020)
      - More than 30% Americans have witnessed anti-asian racism (Ellerbeck, 2020) # :Check:
      - Africans in China
        
        Africans in China already experienced significant racism, limiting health and social support (Hall et al, 2014)
        
        Targetted racism and 'othering' not too dissimilar to what Chinese are experiencing elsewhere in the world during COVID-19. This includes somewhat unjustified restrictions limited to African individuals (Vincent, 2020)
      - Xenophobia to asian medical students in poland before the virus had reached the country (Rzymski, 2020):Check:
  - - - further example of both culture attack and asian racialisation exists in the graffiti of a michelin star korean restaurant in NYC: 'Stop eating dogs' (Adams, 2020) # :Check:
- - - - An American study showed patient communication was different dependant on the patient's race; physicians were more dominant and less patient-centred with African Americans vs white (Johnson et al, 2004) This kind of communication was linked to implicit bias against Blacks (Blair et al, 2013)(Fitzgerald et al 2017)
    - - This can be linked to the generally more forensic, crisis or restrictive way Black people access healthcare (rather than primary care) (Bhui et al, 2003)