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Pneumonia (PNA), Multi-Organ System Failure - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Inflammation of lung parenchyma
        
        Lining capillaries become "leaky", which leads to exudative congestion
        
        Consolidation of lung(s)
        
        Infection from the lungs enters the blood stream
        
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        Presence of patchy white opacities on radiography
        
        Bronchial breath sounds due to alteration of low pass filtering function of alveoli from consolidation
        
        Results in decreased gas exchange and the need for increased respiratory effort
        
        Systemic signs and symptoms such as fever with chills, malaise, myalgias
- - - - This process is often caused by uncontrolled infection in the body, which then leads to multiple organ system dysfunction.
- - - - Due to interacting effects of reduced regional blood flow, impaired motility, and alterations in the normal microbial flora.
    - - Multiple causes such as the iatrogenic effects of sedatives and analgesics, metabolic alterations, subclinical cerebral edema and reduced cerebral perfusion pressure, and, perhaps, micro-abscesses in the brain
    - - Generalized reduction in peripheral vascular tone
        
        Leads to an increase in capillary permeability producing diffuse capillary leak, and contributing to further dysfunction in other organ systems
        
        Alterations in regional blood flow to specific organ beds
        
        Microvascular plugging/stasis, resulting from occlusion of the microvasculature, which results in arteriovenous shunting
        
        Myocardial depression, affecting the R side of the heart in particular
    - - Leukocytosis (an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, especially during an infection), and thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet count that help to repair and form plugs in blood vessel injuries) are common in MOSF
    - - Due to impairment of normal selective excretory function
        
        Starts are oliguria (production of abnormally small amounts of urine), then rising creatinine levels, then drastic fluid/electrolyte changes, eventually leading to a need for dialysis
    - - Due to multiple abnormalities of specific and non-specific immune function
        
        Most clinically relevant is nosocomial ICU-acquired infection, caused by relatively avirulent organisms.
    - - Due to impaired gas exchange
        
        Could be from atelectasis, intravascular thrombosis, trauma to the lungs, or altered regional flow that contributes to issues with ventilation/perfusion
        
        This leads to increased capillary permeabillity, that causes alveolar flooding and then increased diffusion distance for O2
        
        Due to the trauma to the lung tissue, the process of tissue repair starts and that is when there is an increase in inflammatory cells rushed to the injured areas, and this could result in fibrosis and therefore, decreased lung function.
    - - Hyperglycemia and relative insulin resistance are both common in MOSF. Failure of a gland to stimulate another gland to release hormones.