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Pneumonia - Coggle Diagram
Pneumonia
How does sepsis lead to multi-organ failure
lungs are unable to remove excess carbon dioxide and cannot oxygenate blood
Major organs get too much carbon dioxide and not enough oxygen
cytokines cause blood vessels to dilate
low blood pressure (systemic hypotension) and reduced blood flow to the body’s major organs
Septic shock
excessive inflammation from sepsis causes blood clots form
blocking blood flow to organs
inflammatory chemicals damage to the endothelium and the smooth muscle cells lining the arterioles loose their tone
increased permeability of vessels
Leaking blood vessels
How does bacteremia lead to sepsis
bacteremia is when viable bacteria is present in the bloodstream
bacteria can enter the bloodstream many different ways, such as brushing your teeth, following a medical procedure, or from an infection such as PNEUMONIA!
can be asymptomatic or lead to infection the bloodstream
bacteria escapes the hosts immune mechanisms, or the immune system fails to control the bacterial spread, which can occur especially with an immune system already fighting off an infection such as pneumonia
if not cleared out by immune responses bacterium can lead to an infection
the infection of the blood leads to a whole body inflammatory response, sepsis
Sepsis occurs when there is an infection in any body system, such as skin, lungs, urinary tract ect, in which it triggers a series of chain reactions through out your body.
Signs & Symptons: High heart rate, confusion, extreme pain or discomfort, fever shivering, SOB, clammy or sweaty skin.
Diagnosis: Urine test, wound or respiratory secretions. Blood tests: blood clotting, kidney dysfunction, electrolyte imbalance, impaired oxygen availability. X-ray ultrasound
Treatment: - Medications: Antibiotics, IV, vassosuppressants. - Oxygen for supportive care. - Surgery to remove absess or infectious tissue/ gangrene
Pathophysiology:
Bacteria enters the body and elicits an inflammatory response
The inflammatory response to bacteria rises to such a level including macrophage, neutrophils and monocyte activation. This causes an abnormal response.
Neutrophil adhesion leading to a immflamatory mediators which act to counteract the excessive response.
Apoptosis (cell death) and necrosis
Organ dysfunction --> organ failure --> multiple organ failure
How does pneumonia lead to bacteremia
Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.
Since pneumonia can lead to the build up of bacteria in the lungs, this may cause further complications in the body
Bacteria that are not removed by the immune system may accumulate in various places throughout the body, causing infections there
Alveoli filled with fluid may contain bacteria
Colonization of streptococcus pneumoniae
Uptake of pneumococcus by, and Ply-mediated killing of alveolar macrophages
Release and extracellular proliferation of the S.pneumoniae
Acute lung injury
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Bacteremia complicating pneumonia increases in prevalence among patients with greater severity of disease, becoming most common in critically ill patients
Low albumin levels has been correlated to lead to bacteremia in patients with pneumonia
How does Pneumonia lead to Consolidation
Macrophage are recruited to protect and engulf foreign agents that reach the lower respiratory tract triggering a inflammatory response
Macrophages engulf foreign pathogens and trigger molecules and cytokines that recruit inflammatory cells like neutrophils
This causes inflammation of the lung parenchyma and makes the lining capillaries "leaky"
This leads to exudative congestion of the alveoli forming areas of consolidation and underlines the pathogenesis of pneumonia
Lack of ability to clear exudate such as decrease coughing ability leads to additional build up of fluid that fill the alveoli and become almost solid