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Flea Morphology 
TYPICAL LIFE CYCLE OF FLEA
FAMILY PULICIDAE
Many species of fleas can feed on humans. The human flea, Pulex irritans, is less-commonly seen these in industrialized areas. This species is not an effective vector of disease but can serve as an intermediate host for the cestodes Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana.
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FAMILY TUNGIDAE
The chigoe flea, Tunga penetrans. The flea is also referred to as the jigger, nigua, chica, pico, pique or suthi.
BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY
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Substrate vibrations, mechanical compression
Odors: urine, carbon dioxide
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FAMILY: PULICIDAE
- Pulex irritans, human flea
Generally, an infrequent parasite of humans in developed countries. Often occurs in remote isolated areas.
FAMILY: PULICIDAE
- Ctenocephalides felis, cat flea
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FAMILY: PULICIDAE
- Xenopsylla cheopis, oriental/ tropical rat flea
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Although common on domestic rats, it will feed on humans, dogs, cats, chickens and other hosts especially if rats are scarce.
FAMILY: TUNGIDAE
- Tunga penetrans, chigoe flea
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Occurs in tropical Africa, the Americas and western India.
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Xenopsylla cheopis, oriental/ tropical rat flea
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BUBONIC PLAGUE SYMPTOMS:
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Fever, headache, and general illness.
Development of painful, swollen regional lymph nodes.
Occasionally, buboes cannot be detected for a day or so after the onset of other symptoms.
Disease progresses rapidly and the bacteria can invade the bloodstream, producing severe illness, called plague septicemia (generally fatal).
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1341-1361 Black Death
The impact of the Black Death on future of England was profound.
The disease killed between 25 and 50% of populations in Europe and Middle East.
Ended the feudal system in England (where everything ultimately belonged to someone else) because there were so many deaths that not enough tenants to rent and till the land.
The poor conditions in towns and cities were a major cause of the disease spreading quickly through Europe.
MURINE TYPHUS
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Pathogen transmitted by flea feces (vs. infected fleas ‘bites’, contaminated with infected fluids & infectious droplets in plague transmission)
Infection primarily occurs when bite site of infected fleas is scratched, Rickettsia enter through abraded skin.
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