syntactic relations
constituency
complementation
modification
Coordination
ex
the weather will be cold and cloudy
Apposition
neither peter nor his wife wanted the responsibility
Structures x and y are parallel constituents identical in both syntactic function and reference(extralinguistic target), but can provide different information about it
ex
Jacques Sauniere, the renowned curator, staggered through the vaulted archway of the museum's Grand Gallery
HE sceptically looked at his birthday present, a book on volcanoes
Coordination and subordination
Simple sentence: one main clause
Compound sentence: two or more coordinasted main clauses
ex
May had come but snow still lay on the ground
ex
Snow still lay on the ground
Complex sentence: one or more immediate constituents are subordinate clauses
Through May had come, snow still lay on the ground.
subordination
conjunction
ex
I noticed that he spoke with a strong Newfoundland accent
position
ex
I noticed he spoke with a strong Newfoundland accent
wh-form
ex
First we shall inquire who actually noticed anything strange during the night
non-finite verb phrase
ex
Alfred's favourite pastime used to be collecting medieval French coins
verbless
ex
Dinner finally over, Sir Geoffrey withdrew into his chamber
inversion
ex
Had I but known my ex-husband was there too, I would have dreamt of going
Raising
Constituents of a subordinate clause can be raised to assume a place in the superordinate clause
ex
After that scene she only wanted him to leave
The Minister is now likely to resign
clauses as constituents of phrases
ex
Though at first I was rather hesitant to agree to your proposal, I feel pretty sure now that we will reach an agreement
postmodification in AdjP
ex
His Royal Highness is vehemently opposed to subsidising companies that do not invest in climate protection
COMPLEMENT in PP
Relative clauses
ex
--Whom contemporary reports call one of the most ruthless tyrants in 3000 years of oppression
where no foreigner had ever lived
def
form: finite clause
function: POSTMODIFICATION in a noun phrase
refers back to the head of the noun phrase by a relative pronoun or a relative adverb
obligatory adverbial
object
structural ambiguity
ex
she saw the man with the telescope
OR
man with telescope
saw with telescope
Multiple Analysis
Model won't always be unambiguous -> different solutions possible
Gradience
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