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6.0 Intestinal and Atrial Flagellates - Coggle Diagram
6.0 Intestinal and Atrial Flagellates
Chilomastix mesnili
(Intestinal flagellates)
Morphology
Trophozoite
-Tear drop shaped
-5-24mm long x 5-8 mm wide
-Single large nucleus
-Contain chromatin granules
-Prominent cytosome along the body
-Stiff rotary motility
Cyst (stool)
-Thick wall
-Pear or lemon shape
-wider than trophozoite
-Single nucleus
-Consist of hyaline knob ( nipple shape)
Life cycle
The cyst stage is resistant to environmental pressures and is responsible for transmission of Chilomastix
Both cysts and trophozoites can be found in the feces (diagnostic stages)
Infection occurs by the ingestion of cysts in contaminated water, food, or by the fecal-oral route (hands or fomites)
In the large (and possibly small) intestine, excystation releases trophozoites
Chilomastix resides in the cecum and/or colon; it is generally considered a commensal whose contribution to pathogenesis is uncertain
Animals may serve as a reservoir for Chilomastix mesnili
Pathogenesis
-Asymptomatic
-Transmission – ingestion of infective cysts and poor sanitary
Diagnosis
Oval in feces
Treatment
No medication
Retortamonas intestinalis
(Intestinal flagellates)
Morphology
Trophozoite
-Oval @ pear shaped
-1 nucleus
-2 flagella
-Jerky motility
Cyst (stool)
-Oval @ pear shaped
-1 nucleus
-2 flagella
-Jerky motility
Life Cycle
1.Both cysts and trophozoites of Retortamonas intestinalis are shed in feces (diagnostic stage)
Infection occurs after the ingestion of cysts in fecal-contaminated food or water, or on fomites
In the large (and possibly small) intestine, excystation releases trophozoites
Retortamonas resides in the large intestine, where it is regarded as a commensal and is not known to cause disease.
Pathogenesis
-Asymptomatic
-Transmission – ingestion of infectious cyst
Diagnosis
Trophozoite and ova in feces
Treatment
No medication
Enteromonas hominis
(Intestinal flagellates)
Morphology
Trophozoite
-Oval shaped
-4-10mm long x 3-6 mm wide
-Tiny tail – posterior
-Nucleus – large central karyosome
-4 flagella – 3 ant & 1 pos
-Jerky motility
Cyst (stool)
-Oval shape
-1-4 nuclei arrange in pair
Pathogenesis
-Asymptomatic
-Transmission – ingestion of infectious cyst
Diagnosis
Trophozoite and ova in feces
Treatmen
t
No medication
Dientamoeba fragilis
(Intestinal flagellates)
Morphology
Trophozoite
-Ameba like shape
-1
2
nuclei
-No visible flagella
-Debris in cytoplasm, pale staining
-Active motility
-Pseudopod present
Cyst (stool)
No form
Transmission and Pathogenesis
:
-mode of transmission was unknown
-Symptoms – diarrhea, abdominal pain, anal pruritis, abnormal stools and abdominal stress.
Lab diagnosis
Fecal staining
Treatmen
t
-Iodoquinol, tetracycline and metronidazole
-Good hygiene and sanitation
Giardia duodenalis/lamblia/intestinalis
( Intestinal flagellates
)
Morphology
Trophozoite
-Pear shaped with 2 nuclei, linear axonemes, curved median bodies and 8 flagella
-Sucking disc
-Falling leaf motility
Cyst
-Round to oval shaped
-4 nuclei
-Axonemes and median bodies
Life Cycle
1.In the small intestine, excystation releases trophozoites
Excystation:
Cysts pass through the stomach where they are exposed to gastric acid. In the duodenum, the gastric chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate. Excystation probably occurs in the upper small intestine. Motile trophozoites emerge in the small intestine.
In vitro:
can be induced by: low pH exposure of the cyst and transfer to pH 8 and protease treatment
2.. Encystation occurs as the parasites transit toward the colon (feces dehydrated)
Encystation
Trophozoite gradually round up and detach, lose motility and become refractile. Encystation-specific secretory vesicles (ESV) are formed
In vivo
occurs in the lumen of the small intestine. Trophozoites starts synthesizing cyst wall components and transport them to the outer surface.
In vitro:
can be induced by: High pH and high bile salts concentration