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7.0 Kinetoplasta:Leishmania (Tissue Flagellates) - Coggle Diagram
7.0 Kinetoplasta:Leishmania (Tissue Flagellates)
Leishmanias are heteroxenous.
Vector/ IH – Infected FEMALE sand fly (Phlebotomus sp & Lutzomyia sp).
Promastigotes (in the midgut of the sand fly) will be injected in human while blood meal takes place.
Amastigotes (Leishman-Donovan (L-D) bodies) found in human’s macrophages (intracellular).
Vertebrates hosts are primarily mammals
Cause a complex of diseases called Leishmaniasis.
Life Cycle
1.The sandflies inject the infective stage (promastigotes) from their proboscis during blood meals.
Promastigotes that reach the puncture wound are phagocytized by macrophages and other types of mononuclear phagocytic cells.
Progmastigotes transform in these cells into the tissue stage of the parasite (amastigotes).
4.Amastigote then multiply by simple division and proceed **to infect other mononuclear phagocytic cells.
Parasite, host, and other factors affect whether the infection becomes symptomatic and whether cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis results.
Sandflies become infected by ingesting infected cells during blood meals.
In sandflies, amastigotes transform into promastigotes (procyclic), develop (metacyclic) in the gut (in the hindgut for leishmanial organisms in the Viannia subgenus; in the midgut for organisms in the Leishmania subgenus), and migrate to the proboscis.
Ecology of Old World Leismaniasis
1.Close contact of humans and their domestic animals can provide optimal conditions for sand flies and Leishmania transmission (stables provide good breeding ground for larvae).
2.In urban environments infection is mostly human to human.
3.In rural areas Leishmaniasis can be a zoonosis .
4.Infection in dogs is quite frequent in the Mediterranean.
5.In the new world most people get infected while working or hunting in the forest.
6.Here wild animals including rodents, monkeys and sloths provide a reservoir for the parasite.
7.A transmission pattern within a population of wild animals that result in occasional infection of humans is called sylvatic (or diseases or pathogens affecting only wild animals).
Leishmania tropica & L.major
Produce cutaneous ulcers variously known as:
-Cutaneous leishmaniasis
-Oriental sore
-Jericho boil
-Aleppo boil
-Delhi Boil
Have similar life cycles BUT:
-Found in different localities
-Different reservoir and IH
-Different lesions in human with vary in severity according to age and other factors
-Can be differentiated biochemically
Important Vectors of Leishmaniasis
1.Visceral
Lutzomyia longipalpis
Phlebotomus argentipes
Phlebotomus chinensis
2. Cutaneous
Phlebotomus sergenti
Phlebotomus papatasi
Lutzomyia verrucarum s
3.Mucocutaneous
Lutzomyia intermedia