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infinitive VS -ng, Participle and Infinitive phrases - Coggle Diagram

- - - - as a subject
        
        as an object
        
        as a complement of a verb
        :fountain_pen: -ing can have ther own subjects and objects.
        subject + ing form
        -ing form + object
        :check: not + ing - negative sentences
        :warning: no + ing - to explain that something is impossible or not allowed
        
        Swimming makes you fit.
        
        The whole family has taken up cycling.
        
        Her worst habit is lying.
        
        I'm looking forward to my wife returning
        Meeting new people is one benefit of taking evening classes.
        
        Not getting a refund on faulty goods is what really annoys me.
        
        Could you go outside? There's no smoking in this office.
    - - we use ing after:
        1) determiners: the, this
        2) possessives: Peter’s;
        3) possessive adjectives: his;
        4) object pronouns: him; before -ing forms (common in informal Eng)
        5) verbs of senses + object (pronoun)
        6) the + ing + of + object
        :fountain_pen: we also use ing form as adjectives
        7) adjective + preposition
        
        All this complaining won’t get you anywhere, you know.
        
        Peter’s complaining didn't do him any good.
        
        Exorbitant tax rates led to his leaving the country.
        
        Exorbitant tax rates led to him leaving the country, (informal)
        
        I heard Alagna giving a marvellous rendition of ‘Nessun Dorma'.
        Have you seen us performing yet?
        
        The giving of presents is a traditional part of the Christmas festivities.
        
        The remaining items will be sold in our January sale.
        
        Lara isn't capable of lying and she has no reason for not telling the truth.
  - - - as a subject
        
        as an object
        
        as a complement of a verb
        :fountain_pen: infinitive can have its own subject, introduced with for
        :check: not + infinitive - negative
        :check: we can put adverb btw to and infinitive - 'split infinitive', informal english
        put an adverb in another position - firmal english
        
        To give is better than to recive.
        
        Everyone loves to win.
        
        For evil to suceed it is only necessary for the good to do nothing. (its own subject)
        
        I tried not to look at the accident.
        
        The doctor started to carefully remove the bandages.
        The doctor started to remove the bandages carefully.
    - - purpose
        in order + infinitive
        so as +infinitive
        
        result or smth surprising (especially with only and verbs: find, discover, realise...
        :check: we use infinitives after too, enough.
        :check: for + infinitive - when the subject of infinitive is
        different from the subject of the sentences.
        
        Interest rates have been raised in order to reduce inflationary pressures.
        We have removed the warning signs so as not to alarm members of the public.
        
        They queued for hours at the box office only to discover that the show was sold out.
        
        That blue outfit was too informal to wear to the reception.
        There isn't enough (food) to go around, I'm afraid.
        
        She went to WalMart to get some groceries.
        We bought a cage for John to keep his hamster in.
    - - adjective (especially those describing feelings) + to Infinitive.
        ablelunable, afraid, anxious, ashamed, bound, careful, certain, crazy, curious, due, eager, fit, happy, impossible, likely, lucky, pleased, right, shocked, stupid, sure, surprised, thrilled, welcome, wrong.
        
        noun + to infinitive
        attempt, bid, decision, desire, incentive, need, nuisance, opportunity, place, pleasure, reason, time, wish.
        
        there is/are; have(got) + noun + to infinitive - to express obligation
        
        We're thrilled to welcome this year's prizewinner onto the podium.
        The Bensons are lucky to be having such good weather.
        
        She's finally, made a decision to leave.
        Clare would be a fool to marry him.
        
        Don't disturb me, I've got a report to write this evening.
  - - - verb + ing form. (похилені-verbs + (object) + ing)
        admit, appreciate, avoid, burst out. can’t help, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, fancy, feel like, finish, give up. Imagine, involve, justify , keep (on), leave off. mention, mind miss, postpone, practise, prevent, put off, put. sb off, recall, recommend, resent, resist’., risk, save, suggest, tolerate, understand*
        
        sence verbs are only followed by an - ing form when they have an object.
        (verb + object + ing)
        catch, discover, feel, find, hear, leave, notice, observe, see, spot, watch.
        
        advise, allow, forbid and permit
        are followed by an ing form when they have no object.
        are followed by an infinitive when they have an object
        
        Can you imagine wearing that dress!
        Can you imagine Jemima wearing that dress!
        In Hamlet the prince discovers Polonius hiding behind the curtains.
        The doctor advised taking a course of antibiotics.
        The doctor advised him to take a course of antibiotics.
    - - verb + infinitive (похилені-verbs + (object) + infinitive)
        verb1 + for + object + infinitive
        afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange1, ask, attempt, beg, campaign1, care,, choose, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve2, expect. fail, fight, forget, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, long1, manage, need, neglect, offer, pause, plan1, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, prove, refuse, seem, swear, tend, threaten, trouble, try, undertake, vow, wait1, want, wish*, yearn.
        :fountain_pen: deserve + ing(when it has passve meaning) Br
        
        some verbs are followed by an infinitive only when they have an object
        (verb + object + to + infinitive)
        advise, allow, cause, command, compel, encourage, forbid, force, get, instruct, invite, leave, oblige, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, tempt, urge, warn
        
        She s decided to apply for the job.
        
        He doesn't really expect her to pass the exam.
        
        We spent ages waiting for them to arrive.
        
        That naughty child deserves smacking. (= deserves to be smacked)
        
        They forced us to open our suitcases
        
        see the special rules about infinitive after let, make, see, hear, know and hlp in 8.1 b
    - - verb + ing form or infinitive
        attempt, begin, bother, can't bear, can't stand, cease,continue, deserve, fear, hate, intend, like(=enjoy), love,prefer, start
        :check: avoid putting two infinitives or two ing forms together.
        :check: would like, would love, would hate + to infinitive
        :check: like - think smth is good idea - infinitive
        
        I can't stand to see/seeing animals in pain.
        
        He wanted to start taking lessons.
        
        When we get there I would like to take a nap.
        
        I like going/to go to the gym. It's so relaxing. ( = I enjoy visiting it)
        Because of my weight problem I like to go to the gym at least twoce a week. (=Ithink this is a good idea)
    - - forget/remember
        earlier action - ing
        to do a future action - to infinitive
        
        go on
        to continue - ing
        to change to another action - to infinitive
        
        mean
        involves or will result in - ing
        intend to do smth. - to infinitive
        
        regret
        feel sorrow about the past - ing
        announce bad news - to infinitive
        
        stop
        finish an action - ing
        finish one action in order to dp another one.- to infinitive
        
        try
        do smth to see what will happen - ing
        make an effort to do smth dofficult - to infinitive
        
        Do you remember going to school for the first time
        Don't forget to lock the back door.
        
        They went on playing despite the bad weather.
        After opening the hospital the prince went on to meet the staff
        
        This new job means living obroad.
        The beilders mean to finish by Friday..
        
        I really regret getting that tatoo when I was eighteen.
        We regret to inform you f delays in today's service.
        
        They stopped making fax machines about ten years ago.
        We stopped to get prtrol.
        
        Try using a screwdriver to get the lid off.
        We tried to get tickets but the show was sold out.
    - - sense verb + object + ing
        an action in progress
        an action that is repeated
        
        sense verb + object + bare infinitive
        a single action
        the action is completed
        
        passive sense verb + to infinitive
        
        As I walked past the church I heard someone playing on the organ. ( Th person was in the middle of playing when I walked past)
        I saw a young mother slapping her child. (She slapped him several times)
        We saw a young mother slap her child in the supermarket. (She slapped once)
        Las week I heard them play the fifth symphony. ( I heard the complete symphony)
        The young mother was seen to slap her child.
- - - - active
        1) simple - :red_cross:
        2) continuous - (not) repairing
        3) perfect - (not) having repaired
        
        passive
        1) simple - (not) repaired
        2) continuous - *not) being repaired
        3) perfect - (not) having been repaired
        :check: they don't have a tense (time reference is usually clear from the verb in the main clause).
        :check: we can’t usually use modal verbs in participle phrases
        :check: verbs which are not normally used in the continuous (be, own, possess ...) can be used in participle phrases
        
        Not having a ticket, I won’t be able to go to the concert tomorrow (present/future)
        Not having a ticket, I wasn’t able to go to the concert yesterday, (past)
        The questions which must be answered are not easy ones.
        Yolanda is rich, owning six homes.
    - - in many cases, participle phrases do not contain a subjec (the subject of the main participle clause = the subject of the participle phrase)
        
        object(of the main clause) + participl phrase
        either the object or the subject of the main clause can be the
        subject of the participle phrase, depending on the meaning.
        :warning: A participle phrase at the beginning of a sentence cannot refer to the object of the main clause
        
        different subjects. participle phrases can have a subject which in not the same as the subject of the main clause.
        
        Moaning with pain, the victim was examined by a young doctor. (= The victim was moaning.)
        
        We saw her plane coming in to land. (= The plane was coming in to land.) The company has opened a new factory, creating many new jobs. (= The company has created many new jobs.)
        
        Moaning with pain, a young doctor examined the victiion. Not Correct. (A young doctor was moaning, not the victim)
        
        Horns locked, the two stags struggle for mastery.
        I ctouched in the alleyway, my eyes straining in the darkness.
    - - Defining phrase
        
        give us more information about noun
        
        replace a defining relative claus (often)
        :check: We can only use a participle phrase (defining phrase) to replace a defining clause if the subject of the main clause and the relative clause is the same.
        :check: In participle phrase (defining phrases), we only use an active ing form when we are describing a continuing action or situation. We can't use ing form for a single completed action.
        
        The man is very noisy. The man lives upstairs.
        The man who lives upstairs is very noisy. (defining relative clause)
        The man living upstairs is very noisy. ( active participle phrase).
        The portrait was lovely. The portrait was painted by my brother.
        The portrait which was painted by my brother was lovely. (defining relative clause) The portrait painted by my brother was lovely. ( passive participle phrase).
        
        The man who Trudy was engaged to has disappeared. (Correct) The man engaged to has disappeared. (Not correct)
        
        The thief who took her bag has been arrested.
        The thief taking her bag has been arrested (NOT CORRECT)
      - Phrases of reason,
        condiion and result, time
        
        full clause
        reason
        condition
        result
        time
        
        participle clause
        reason
        condition
        result
        time
        :check: 1 that the result is often not intended.
        
        She will be unable to answer your queries because she is not qualified.
        As I hadn't been asked, I didn't really want to interfere.
        
        If you treat it gently, the fabric should last for years.
        
        The corporation shut down the plant, with the result that many workers were left unemployed.
        
        As we turned the corner we saw the hospital in front of us.
        
        Not being qualified, she will be unable to answer your queries.
        Not having been asked, I didn't really want to unterfere
        
        Treated gently, the fabric should last for years.
        
        The corporation shut down the plant, leaving many workers unemployed.1
        
        Turning the corner, we saw the hospital in front of us.
        
        I stayed at work rather late, missing my last train home.
      - Time phrases
        
        ing
        1) two action happened at the same time
        2) one happens immediately after the other.
        3) describes the background or earlier action.
        
        perfect participle
        1) to emphasise that one action happened before another.
        ( the participle can go before or after the main clause)
        2) reason or causes as these usually come before a result.
        
        Leaving the motorvay, we noticed an overtuned trunk on the verge.( = as/when we were leaving the motorway, we noticed...)
        
        Switching off the lights, I turned over and buried my head in the pillow. ( After I switched the light I turned)
        
        Living in Los Angeles, Brad was one of those ever-optimistic movies wannabes.
        
        Having passed my driving test, I was able to buy my first car. ( After I had passed)
        I was able to buy my first car, aving passed my driving test.
        
        Having forgotten to take my keys, I had to borrow a set from my landlord.
  - - - active
        1) simple - (not) to mend
        2) continuous - (not) to be mending
        3) perfect - (not) to have mended
        
        passivle
        1) simple - (not) to be mended
        2) continuous - (not) to be being mended
        3) perfect - (not) to have been broken
        :check: they don't have a tense (time reference is usually clear from the verb in the main clause).
        :check: we can use the perfect infinitive for an event that happened before the main clause.
        
        The tax bill will be the first item to be debated in the next parliament, (future)
        The tax bill was the first item to be debated at yesterday's meeting. (past)
        Not to have acted sooner is his greatest regret. (= He regrets he didn’t act sooner.)
    - - the subject of the complement of the verb be
        :check: we use for if the subject in the infinitive is not the same as the subject of the main clause
        
        the subject of the complement of a sentence
        :warning: sentences with an infinitive phrase as their subect can sound rather formal. We prefer imperfonal it or ing form
        
        To reach the top is their aim.
        Their aim is to reach the top.
        Their aim is for the team to win.
        
        To find her so distressed took him by surprise.
        They struggled to keep up their standard of living.
        
        It is difficult to keep up a friendship
        Keeping up a friendship is difficult
    - - Defining phrases
        
        replace a relative clause with an infinitive after a superlative superlaive, ordinal number(first,), one, next, last, only,
        :check: We don't use an infinitive phrase to replace relative clauses containing modal verbs.
        
        The youngest person that entered the programme was just fourteen.
        The youngest person to enter the programme was just fourteen.
        The window seat is usually the first one which is taken.
        The window seat is usually the first one to be taken.
        Linda was the only one who stayed for the whole performance.
        Linda was the only one to stay for the whole performance.
        He's the only player who might save the team from defeat. (Not: He's the only player to save...)
      - Purpose and result phrases
        
        to describe a deliberate purpose or aim
        
        to describe discovering smth unexpected, especially with only.
        
        Davy took a year out to see the world and broaden his experience of life. Eliza rejoined her friend only to discover that Mr Darcy had left.
  - - - to add a comment to smth we are saying.
        
        to describes the particular aspect of smth which we are commenting on by using an adverb before or after the participle.
        :check: we can use adverbs in the same way with adjectives (24unit)
        
        I'm not very keen on it, to tell the truth.
        Generally speajing, they're a pretty friendly bunch of people.
        
        Financially speaking, few of the dot.cpm companies have a good tack record.
        
        Although economically successful, the government is starting to lose popularity.
    - - Participle and Infinitive phrases helps to
        1) be economical with words
        2) avoid repetition
        
        Steve went home. He noticed a piece of paper which had been left on the doorstep as he walked toward the door.
        Steve went home. Walking towards the door, he noticed a piece of paper left on the doorstep.
        
        Because Marion didn't have a degree she was the only one who wasn't offered a permanent contract.
        Not having a degree, Marion was only one not to be offered a permanent contact.