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Chemistry U4AOS1 - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry U4AOS1
Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
made from solid, solid is weighed out and diluted in volumetric flask
Secondary Standard
primary standard is pipetted (aliquot) into conical flask, titrate is then passed through the burette into conical flask until colour change is observed, tire is measured, repeat until concordant results are found (between 0.1)
Titration is an quantitative method, not sensitive or selective
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Naming hydrocarbons
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- Number carbons in chain so side groups and double/triple bonds have lowest number
- Allocate position of each functional group (in alphabetical order
- Identify side groups and double/triple bonds
comma between numbers, hyphens between numbers and letters
- Identify longest unbranched carbon chain
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
saturated, CnH2n+2, single C bond
Alkynes
unsaturated, CnH2n-2, triple C bond
Alkenes
unsaturated, CnH2n, double C bond
Cycloalkane
CnH2n, no double C bond, not alkenes
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Alcohols
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Properties
Oh is polar (soluble), but C chain is non-polar (low solubility)
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Esters
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Properties
COO is polar, therefore small molecules are soluble in water
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Infra-red Spectrometry
Bonds can stretch, bend or wag
Tells you the types of bonds present, not the exact molecule
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Chromatography
Paper
absorbent paper dipped i a solvent (e.g. water), qualitative method
Thin Layer
aluminium oxide spread on a glass or plastic plate, components separate, qualitative method, components measure based on distance (retardation factor (Rf))
Components of a mixture separated due to a continual process of adsorption to the stationary phase and desorption in the mobile phase
Column
qualitative method, stationary phase packed in a glass tube, mobile phase is dripped through, liquid leaving (eluent), as it leaves, retention time (Rt) is measured
HPLC
qualitative and quantitative, sensitive and selective, solvent is pumped into the column (high pressure), eluent is detected via UV light and recorded into a graph
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Isomers
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Structural
same molecular formula, different structural form
Haloalkanes
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can include -Cl, -Br, -I, -F
Carboxylic Acids
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Properties
-OH is polar, therefore small molecules are soluble in water
-H can be donated, hence it is acidic
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Aldehydes/Ketones
Aldehydes
-CHO, C double bonded to O and single to H
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Ketones
-CO-, in the middle of a molecule, C double bonded to O
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