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MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Galactose is a monosaccharide, when combined with glucose, produces a disaccharide lactose (milk)
      - The conversion of galactose into glucose, lactose and other sugar intermediates
  - - - sugar units are connected together by ‘glycosidic bonds’
    - - Steroids - organic compound that can be found in all organism
      - Phospholipids - major component of cell membranes that form lipid bilayers
      - Triglycerides - an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. It is the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats.
      - Fatty Acids - are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains
    - - composed of amino acids that are connected by peptide bonds and there are 20 amino acid.
        
        Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids
        
        Tryptophan is a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin
        
        Glycine is a precursor of porphyrins such as heme
        
        Arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide
        
        Aspartate, glycine and glutamine are precursors of nucleotides
        
        Non-protein amino acids involved as metabolic intermediates, such as in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid.
    - - composed of nucleotides
- - - - The daughter cell has to have all the necessary constituents (organelles), and most importantly, the genetic information which controls the behaviour of thecell.
      - Central Dogma
        
        Protein Synthesis
         The flow of info from DNA into protein structure has to be intermediated as DNA is either contained in the nucleus (eukaryotes) or attached to the membrane (prokaryotes
    - - Prokaryotes
        binary fision - most common, asexual method of reproduction. Approximately equal separation of the cell into 2 daughter cells. Division is perpendicular to the long axis in rods; spherical organisms can have several planes of division
        budding - infrequent in bacteria. Daughter cell must be smallerand most of its material must be newly synthesized.
      - Eukaryotes - Budding is characteristic for yeast  - Other organisms can reproduce asexually or sexually
  - - - Prokaryotic
        
        Gram positive
        -Synthesise a monolayered cell wall composed mainly of heteropolymer peptidoglycan (N-acetyl muramic peptide) 50-80 % and polysaccharides with teichoic acids
        
        Gram negative
        -Synthesise cell wall composed of at least 2 structurally distinct layers:
         dense, uniform inner layer = cytoplasmic membrane underlined by peptidoglycan which is separated from a fine outer membrane by a periplasmic space
        
        Mycoplasmas
        
        Species with the smallest known genome
      - Eukaryotic
        
        Cells with a nucleus
        
        composed of both plant and animal cells
        
        phagocytosis – particulate materials is “eaten” by cell
        
        pinocytosis – “cell drinking”: soluble materials are taken up from the environment and incorporated into vesicles for digestion