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NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES (REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT) ACT, 2019,…

- - - - • Objective:
        
        FIDF would provide concessional finance to State Governments / UTs and State entities, cooperatives, individuals and entrepreneurs etc., for taking up of the identified investment activities of fisheries development.
      - • Nodal Loaning Entities (NLEs):
        
        National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), National Cooperatives Development Corporation (NCDC) and all scheduled banks are the designated NLEs in disbursal of the fund.
      - • Interest rate:
        
        The Department of Fisheries under the FIDF provides interest subvention up to 3% per annum for providing the concessional finance by the NLEs at the interest rate not lower than 5% per annum.
      - Key Highlights of the Act
        
        • India has obligations to frame laws under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreements.
        
        • It provides for nationalization of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) by prohibiting fishing by foreign fishing vessels.
        
        • Indian fishing vessel must obtain a permit if they desire of fishing in the EEZ, outside the Territorial Sea (TS).
        
        • No permit shall be issued unless the fishing vessel is registered under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.
        
        • No permit shall be granted under this Act to foreign fishing vessel for fishing and fishing related activities within the exclusive economic zone of India.
        
        • The Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette, designate one or more Central Government or State Government agencies or officials or create a new government agency to discharge any one or more of its powers and functions under this Act.
        
        • Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, every offence punishable under this Act shall be cognizable.
        
        • It respects the jurisdiction of our coastal states over the Territorial Sea.
        
        • It proposes social security for fish workers and calls for protection of life at sea during severe weather events.
        
        • It is provides for responsible and long-term sustainable and optimal utilization of marine fish resources.
        
        About UNCLOS
        
        • The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an international treaty which was adopted and signed in 1982.
        
        • It replaced the four Geneva Conventions of April, 1958, which respectively concerned the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the continental shelf, the high seas, fishing and conservation of living resources on the high seas.
        
        • The Convention has created three new institutions on the international scene: International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, International Seabed Authority, and Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf.
        
        • It is the completely binding prevailing law of the sea.
        
        • It defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world’s oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources.
        
        • The UN has no direct operational role in the implementation of the Convention.
        
        • India ratified this convention in 1995.
        
        Zones under UNCLOS
        
        • Under UNCLOS, the sea and resources in the water and the seabed are classified into three zones — the internal waters (IW), the territorial sea (TS) and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ).
        
        • Internal Waters: It is on the landward side of the baseline which includes gulfs and small bays. It also includes littoral areas such as ports, rivers, inlets and other marine spaces landward of the baseline (low-water line) where the port state has jurisdiction to enforce domestic regulations.
        
        • Territorial Sea: According to UNCLOS, the territorial sea can be defined as the area which extends up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a country’s coastal state. Coastal nations enjoy sovereignty over airspace, sea, seabed and subsoil and all living and non-living resources in territorial sea area.
        
        • Contiguous Zone: It can be defined as the belt which extends 12 nautical miles beyond the territorial sea limit.
        
        • Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): It is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea. It can extend to a maximum 200 nautical miles from the baselines. Coastal nations have sovereign rights for exploration, exploiting, conserving and managing all the natural resources in EEZ.
        
        • High Seas: It can be defined as the part of the sea that is not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea, or in the internal waters of a coastal state or archipelagic waters of an archipelagic state.