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Post-transcriptional Gene Control - Coggle Diagram
Post-transcriptional Gene Control
Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA
5' cap is added to RNAs after transcription initiation
conserved RNA-binding proteins associate with pre-mRNAs
splicing occurs via two transesterification reactions
during splicing, snRNAs base-pair with pre-mRNA
spliceosomes carry out splicing
chain elongation by RNA polymerase II is coupled to the presence of RNA-processing factors
SR proteins contribute to exon definition in long pre-mRNAs
self-splicing group II introns provide clues to evolution on snRNAs
3' cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNA are tightly coupled
nuclear exonucleases degrade DNA that is processed out of pre-mRNAs
Regulation of pre-mRNA processing
alternative splicing generates transcripts with different combos of exons
a cascade of RNA splicing controls sexual differentiation
splicing repressors and activators control splicing at alternative sites
RNA editing alters sequences of some pre-mRNAs
Transport of mRNA across nuclear envelope
macromolecules exit and enter nucleus through nuclear pore complexes
pre-mRNAs in spliceosomes are not exported from the nucleus
HIV rev protein regulates the transport of unspliced viral mRNAs
Cytoplasmic mechanisms of post transcriptional control
micro RNAs (miRNAs)
RNA interference (RNAi)
cytoplasmic polyadenylation
degradation of mRNAs in the cytoplasm
protein synthesis can be globally regulated
sequence specific RNA binding proteins
mRNA surveillance (nonsense-mediated decay, NMD)
Localization of mRNAs
Processing of rRNA and tRNA
pre-rRNA genes function as nucleolar organizers are similar in eukaryotes
small nucleolar RNAs assist in processing pre-rRNAs
pre-tRNAs undergo extensive modification in nucleus
nuclear bodies are functionally specialized nuclear domains