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Polymers composite mixtures of molecules that are large/long and self…

- - - - cellulose extraction
        (Kraft process)
        
        Viscose process
        
        Rayon
        
        Bamboo viscose
        
        viscose
        
        Lyocell process
        
        Tencel
        
        Modal
        
        Fibrils
        
        Nanofibril cellulose
        (NFC)
        
        additives
        
        Thickeners
        
        Paper
        
        Adhesives
        
        Paint
        
        Microfibril cellulose
        (MFC)
        
        Powder
        
        Microcrystalline cellulose
        (MCC)
        
        Methyl cellulose
        (MC)
        
        Carboxy Methyl cellulose
        (CMC)
        
        Cellulose Acetate
        (CA)
      - Mechanical fibre separation
    - - Fibre / Fabric
    - - Flax
      - Reed
      - Linen
      - Ramie
      - Sisal
      - Bamboo linen
        (not common)
  - - - Extraction of chitosan from shrimp shells was performed as per the procedure earlier reported [26]. The raw shrimp shells were washed thoroughly with water, dried under vacuum and then grinded in a mortar with pestle. The shrimp shells powder so obtained was then soaked in 1 M NaOH for 24 h, washed and dried. The shrimp shells powder was then demineralized using 1 M HCl, deproteinized using 1 M NaOH, discoloured using KMnO4 and Oxalic acid to get chitin powder. The chitin obtained was then subjected to deacetylation using 50% NaOH which was repeated to get higher degree of deacetylation in chitosan.
      - By adding an acid (vinegar) to Chitosan a paste can be formed once the paste evaporates a Chitosan bioplastic is produced. This bioplastic is water soluble
  - - - Extracted from red seaweed (also known as Irish moss)
        3 common variations
        
        iota carrageenan
        
        soft gels formed with calcium ions
        
        lambda carrageenan
        
        does not gel used as a thicker
        
        kappa carrageenan
        
        strong rigid gels from with potassium ions
- - - - Gliadin
        Wheat protein
      - Avenin
        Oat protein
      - Secalin
        Rye protein
      - Hordein
        Barley protein
- - - - Bacteria feeds on starch or cellulose base material
        (different bacterial strains are used depending on feedstock)
        
        Lactic acid is produced and extracted
        
        most commonly forms lactide rings
        
        Ring-opening polymerization
        Converts lactide to PLA
        
        Polylactic acid (PLA)
        
        Starch can be added now to make a PLA starch copolymer
        
        REF Polylactic acid : a practical guide for the processing, manufacturing, and applications of (PLA 2019)
        
        Other (bio)additives could be cellulose or chitosan
        
        can form straight lactic acid chains (aliphatic)
    - - Derived from chemical synthesis of crude oil
        
        Ring-opening polymerization of caprolactone
        
        Polycaprolactone (PCL)
        
        Low melt point
        
        Biodegradable but from petrochemical source
    - - Bacteria feeds on a carbon source
        (diesel byproduct, waste water, sugarcane, glucose, glycerol...)
        
        Fatty acids are produced in cells
        Cell walls need to be broken down to extract PHA's
        
        Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
        
        Longer polymers than PHB, has more elasticity.
        
        Can be combined with PLA, PCL, Starch and Cellulose
        
        Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
        
        Shorter polymers than PHA, brittle due to it's crystalline structure (shorter polymers)
        
        Can be combined with PLA,PCL, Starch and Cellulose
        
        REF Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) based blends, composites and nanocomposites (2015)
    - - condensation of glycolic acid or
        ring opening through heat
        
        Polyglycolide or polyglycolic acid (PGA)
        
        The simplest aliphatic polymer