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Evidence for Evolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - molecular biology
      - genetics
    - - for comparison
        
        similarities and diffrences
  - - - made up of amino acids
      - found in wide range of organisms
        
        studied to examine amino acids
    - - similarities
        
        shared common ancestor
      - differences
        
        organisms have evolved
        
        number of
        
        proportional to length of time
        
        since organisms separated
    - - evolutionary trees
        
        branching diagrams showing evolutionary relationships
  - - - genetic material
      - made out of nucleotide bases
        
        adenine (A)
        
        Guanine (G)
        
        Cytosine (C)
        
        Thymine (T)
    - - have similar nucleotide base order
    - - stronger
        
        require more heat
        
        closely related
        
        similar order of nucleotide
  - - - one species compared to another
    - - closer order of bases
    - - piece of DNA is isolated
      - copies of gene are made
        
        fluorescent dyes
      - DNA sequencer graph/print sequence
    - - sequences may not be identified as a change
      - complex and expensive
        
        highly specialised computer technology
- - - - interpretive
- - - - close by to them
      - lived in common area before splitting
  - - - similar to mainland
  - - - southern continents
  - - - into new environments
        
        traits that allow them to survive
- - - - in structure of living organisms
  - - - in structure
        
        decent from common ancestor
    - - show modifications
        
        same evolutionary origins
  - - - structure different
    - - evolved independently
      - become similar
    - - for evolutionary relatedness
        
        serve common purpose
        
        same environment
  - - - no longer useful
        
        become reduced
    - - common ancestor
    - - in humans
- - - - existence of organism in past
  - - - towards bottom
    - - towards top
  - - - fossils found higher up
        
        younger than lower fossils
    - - cannot be determined
    - - chronological sequence of fossils
    - - chemical analysis
        
        measure amount of chemicals in bone
        
        fossils exchange minerals with ground
      - stratigraphy
        
        sedimentary rocks formed
        
        lower fossil is in strata
        
        older it is
      - biostratigraphy
        
        comparison of fossils in strata
        
        fossil in 2 different rock locations
        
        same time period
      - palaeomagnetism
        
        Earth's changing magnetic field in rocks
        
        traces of iron oxide
        
        approximate dates can be determined
  - - - to be determined
    - - radioactive elements
    - - fission-track dating
        
        uranium content
        
        microscope
        
        count tracks left by uranium
        
        measuring
        
        amount of uranium
        
        density of fission tracks
      - potassium-argon dating
        
        ratio of radioactive argon
        
        to radioactive potassium
  - - - from one group to another
  - - - towards organisms whose body/environment
        
        can be fossilised
    - - date back very short time