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Designer Genes dna-versus-rna-608191_sketch_Final-54acdd8f8af04c73817e8811…

- - - - Exons
        
        Coding regions that specify a sequence of aminoacids
      - Introns
        
        Non-coding regions that don't specify aminoacids
      - Regulatory sequences
        
        Determine where, when and how much of a protein is made
  - - - Gene makeup of an organism
    - - Physical expression of a gene
    - - Alternate forms of a gene. 2 alleles for every gene (sometimes there are more than 2 alleles present in population -multiple alleles)
    - - An allele (trait) that is expressed irregardless of the second allele (always expressed)
        
        Autosomal
        
        Dominant gene on an autosome
        
        Sex-linked
        
        Dominant gene on a sex chromosome
    - - Trait that is only expressed when the second allele is the same (prevented by dominant)
        
        Autosomal
        
        Recessive gene on an autosome
        
        Sex-linked
        
        Recessive gene on a sex chromosome
  - - - Involves one trait
        
        Genotype ratio
        
        1:2:1
        
        Phenotype ratio
        
        3:1
    - - Involves two traits
        
        Genotype ratio
        
        1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
        
        Phenotype ratio
        
        9:3:3:1
    - - Involves 3 traits
    - - When different traits (number varies) are being established for an organism
  - - - Male
        
        XY
      - Female
        
        XX
      - In rare cases a person may have three sex chormosomes
    - - When the sex of a human is determined after conception
  - - - Transcription and translation
  - - - Process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, involves typically a series of steps
        
        Interphase
        
        Anaphase
        
        Telophase
        
        Cytokinesis
    - - The cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete-producing cells being reduced to one half
  - - - Print of human chromosome for diagnosing genetic diseases
  - - - have two hexameric motifs centered at or near −10 and −35 positions relative to the TSS
    - - more complex and have several different sequence motifs
        
        TATA box
        
        INR box
        
        BRE
        
        CCAAT-box
        
        GC-box
  - - - Both dominant alleles are expressed
    - - One allele is not completly dominant over another resulting in a blending of traits.
  - - - Features that are associated with the genes of the sex chromosome
        
        Most come from X chromosome
    - - When there are more than the usual two alleles in any given gene.
        
        There are more than two phenotypes available
      - appears commonly in fur or pelt conditions of domestic animals
  - - - Deletion of genes
      - Additional or less chromosomes
        
        Polysomy
        
        Two copies of a particular chromosome
        
        Monosomy
        
        One rather than two copies of a chromosome
        
        Example
        
        Turner's Syndrome
      - Common examples
        
        Red-green color blindness
        
        Hemophilia
        
        Cystic Fibrosis
        
        Down Syndrome
        
        Polydactyly
      - Defined as inherited medical conditions caused by abnormalities in the DNA
  - - - Steps
        
        Denaturing
        
        Annealing
        
        Synthesizing
  - - - Test unknown DNA sequences.
      - Measure the expression levels of a large amount of genes simultaneously.
  - - - Composed by double helix strands
        
        Strands composed of nucleotides
    - - Semiconservative
  - - - Involving positive and negative selection
  - - - DNA turns into RNA after duplicating
    - - RNA translates into a protein
  - - - Mitochondria
      - Chloroplast
  - - - Interaction between two or more genes to control a single phenotype
        
        One pair of genes alters or inhibits the expression of another pair of genes
      - Common example
        
        Albinism
    - - When various factors are involved in the trait expressed
      - Examples
        
        Height
        
        Weight
        
        Cleft palate
        
        spina bifida
- - - - labels
      - annotations