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ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - connective tissue derived frome mesoderm
- - - - prey capture
  - - - muscle cells
- - - - 2 or 3 major regions
        
        tagmata
        
        head
        
        thorax
        
        abdomen
      - lateral appendages
        
        segmented
    - - heamocoel
        
        no true coelom
        
        haemolymph
    - - dorsal
    - - 2 connectionns around digestive system
        
        ventral nerve chord
  - - - chitin
      - calcium carbonate
      - waxes
        
        preserve moisture
    - - created by underlyng layer of epidermis
      - connections with the external
        
        setae
      - molting
  - - - marine spiders
    - - marin animals
      - very strong shield
    - - Aranae
        
        2 tagmata
        
        cephalothorax
        
        abdomen
        
        multiple eyes
        
        chelicerae associated with venom glands
        
        standard arthropod internal anatomy
        
        malpighian tubules
        
        reabsorption of solutes and chemicals
        
        book lungs
        
        modification of tracheal system
      - Scorpiones
        
        2 tagmata
        
        extremely developed pedipalps
        
        external digestions
        
        toxins of the stinger
        
        nocturn animals
      - Acari
        
        ectoparasites
        
        ticks and mites
        
        (zecche e acari)
        
        hematophagous
        
        dermatophagoides
  - - - 3 major body parts
        
        head
        
        sensorial organs
        
        thorax
        
        can form cephalothorax
        
        may be covered by a carapace
        
        walking legs
        
        maxillipeds
        
        abdomen
      - appendages
        
        biramous
        
        protopod
        
        coxa
        
        gills
        
        basis
        
        endopod
        
        exopod
        
        2 antennal appendages
        
        maxillipeds
        
        feeding function
        
        first pair of swimmerets
        
        transmit spermatophores
      - Internal structure
        
        nervous system
        
        well developed brain
        
        mostly ventral
        
        each segment a ganglion
        
        quite sophisticated digestive tissue
        
        coelom restricted to heart cavity
        
        antennal gland
        
        ions, nitrogen metabolism
      - respiration
        
        gills
        
        thin cuticle
        
        oxygen absorbed by haemolymph
        
        haemoacynin
      - Compound eye
        
        ommatidium
        
        external lens
        
        transparent cuticle
        
        cristalline cone
        
        retinula cells
        
        rhabdom
        
        6-8 cells
        
        hoxin proteins
        
        transformation of light in nervous signals
        
        light signal
        
        nervous signal
        
        axons
        
        optical lobe
        
        mosaic vision
        
        day vision
        
        each ommatidium cuts a portion of the image
        
        sharper definition
        
        no interference
        
        superposition vision
        
        night vision
        
        light moves between close ommatidia
        
        more blurred
        
        maximazies the amount of light
      - Life cycle
        
        fertilization
        
        transmission of spermatophores
        
        multiple larval stages
        
        earliest planktonic
      - Molt
        
        digestion of old cuticle
        
        creation of new epicuticle
        
        epidermis
        
        multiple layers
        
        regulated
        
        hormones
        
        environmental preassure
        
        sheltered space
        
        vulnerable
      - Class Maxillipoda
        
        ecto and endoparasites
        
        other crustaceans
        
        very different body organisation
      - Class Malacostraca
        
        body divided in 20 segments
        
        Order Isopoda
        
        biggest number of crustaceans
        
        huge array of diversity in diets
        
        pill bug
        
        Order Stomatopoda
        
        mantis shrimps
        
        eyes
        
        connected to head by narrow segment
        
        unusual visual pigments
        
        each can move independently
        
        Order Decapoda
        
        vast majority of malacostraca
        
        crabs
        
        abdomen folded beneath thorax
        
        cephalothorax
        
        hermit crabs
        
        shell protection
        
        lobsters, shrimps, prawns
    - - 2 major groups
        
        Entognata
        
        Insecta
      - Standard insect anatomy
        
        3 portions
        
        thorax
        
        3 segments
        
        pair of legs each
        
        prothorax
        
        mesothorax
        
        pair of wings
        
        metathorax
        
        head
        
        mouthparts
        
        sensory organs
        
        abdomen
        
        antennae
        
        pheromones
        
        legs
        
        femur
        
        tibia
        
        tarsus
        
        adapted
        
        wings
        
        one couple used to fly
        
        one couple used for different roles
        
        can disappear or be reduced
        
        reason of their abundance
        
        movement
        
        1
        
        direct muscles
        
        downstroke
        
        muscles connected to wings
        
        indirect muscles
        
        upstroke
        
        2
        
        indirect muscles
        
        upstroke and downstroke
        
        deformation od the thorax
        
        internal anatomy similar to crustaceans
        
        as many ganglia as segments
        
        complete and sophisticated digestive system
        
        dioecious
        
        malpighian tubules
        
        nitrogenous wastes
        
        poison sack
        
        aculeon
        
        respiration
        
        tracheal tubes
        
        holes on the cuticle
        
        network of tracheae
        
        diffusion
      - Developmental biology
        
        Hemimetabolous
        
        egg hatches a young nymph
        
        multiple molds
        
        adult form is not different from juvenile form
        
        Holometabolous
        
        larval instars
        
        last larval instar molts
        
        pupa
        
        adult
        
        metamorphosis
        
        exception fo paleoptera
      - Paleoptera
        
        Odonata
        
        dragonflies
        
        young stages in water
        
        strong fliers
        
        Ephemeroptera
        
        shortenst adult living species
      - Hemimetabolous orders
        
        Hemiptera
        
        mouthparts
        
        suck liquids
        
        some are hematophagous
        
        important agricultural pests
        
        Isoptera
        
        termites
        
        big societies
        
        king and queen
        
        workers
        
        soldiers
        
        Blattaria
        
        brachypterous
        
        short wings
        
        apterous
        
        no wings
        
        Orthoptera
        
        source of food
        
        big populations
        
        Mantodea
        
        strategy of camuflage
        
        realese their eggs in a case called ootheca
        
        Anoplura
      - Superorder Holometabola
        
        Lepidoptera
        
        conservative appearence
        
        2 pairs of wings
        
        stains
        
        very bright colors
        
        aposematic
        
        Diptera
        
        only mesothorax wings are used to fly
        
        Coleoptera
        
        hardened anterior wings
        
        Hymenoptera
        
        highly sophisticated society systems
        
        impact on pollination
        
        parasitoids
        
        control of noxious insects
- - - - collagen
      - spongin
      - spicles
  - - - big spongocoel
      - osculum
    - - reduced spongocoel
      - convoluted wall
      - internal chambers
    - - very reduced spongocoel
      - many chambers
        
        choanocytes
  - - - outer protection
      - pinacoderm
    - - secretion of collagen
    - - undifferentiated
      - spicles
    - - feeding function
        
        create water currents
        
        engulf food
      - collar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum
  - - - buds
      - gemmules
    - - eggs and sperm
        
        parenchymula larvae
        
        prevent possibility of extintion
- - - - radula
        
        keratinous teeth
        
        odontophore
    - - fibrous proteins (conchilion)
        
        marix
        
        cristals sodium carbonate
      - secreted by the mantle
      - multiple layers
        
        nacre
        
        inner shell layer
        
        pearls
    - - developerd muscle
      - walk
      - take food
    - - heart
        
        plurichambered organ
    - - haemolimph
      - hemoacynin
        
        copper
        
        not bound to a cell
    - - ctinidia
        
        comb structure
        
        food intake (bivalves)
  - - - nekton
    - - accumulate toxins
        
        very colorful
  - - - apex
        
        strating region of secretion
      - multiple chambers
    - - poach
        
        diffusion
        
        modification of the mantle
  - - - 2 valves
        
        connected to a hinge ligament
    - - 2 siphons
        
        incurrent
        
        excurrent
        
        filter feeding system
    - - gas exchange
      - capture microparticles
        
        biomagnification
    - - fertilized egg
        
        trochophore larva
        
        juveline stages
        
        spat
        
        adult oyster
  - - - circular and longitudinal muscle
      - power of water
      - jet
      - nektons
    - - jaws
    - - gelatinous material made of proteins
        
        melatonin
      - defense mechanism
    - - pigment
      - contractile fibers
      - connected to a sophisticated nervous system
        
        modify pigment concentration
- - - - external cuticle
        
        extracellular protective coverage
        
        shred it periodically
        
        ecdysone
    - - specialized portions
      - mouth opening
      - anus
    - - sperm don't have a flagellum
      - male spicules
  - - - gut of the host
      - infection by ingestion of young juveniles
      - no intermediate host
      - Filarial worms (Wucheria bancrofti)
        
        mosquitos
        
        microfilariae
        
        lymphatic system
        
        liquid retention
    - - spiny-headed worms
      - gut endoparasites
        
        eat from digested material
      - invaginable proboscis
        
        rows of recurved spines
      - lacunar system
        
        ramified flud filled canals
    - - egg passed on feces
        
        first stage juveliles hatches
        
        infection via mouth of skin
        
        migrate through the circulatory system to the lungs
        
        enter alveoli
        
        migrate to small intestine via trachea
        
        1 more item...
- - - - septa
      - external body wall
      - cuticle that doesn't shed
    - - antagonistic activity
    - - haemolomph
        
        giant hemoglobins
        
        oxygen carriers
        
        oxygen storage
        
        react agains strong compounds
  - - - lateral expansion
      - better anchoring
      - setae
    - - dispersion phase for polychaeta
      - plaktonic elemets
    - - gonads not stable in time
  - - - sophisticated network of capillaries
        
        waste through nephridium pore
      - cleaning of liquid from previous segment
    - - anterior brain
      - ventral nerve chord
    - - hermaphrodites
      - permanent gonads
      - CITELLUM
        
        cocoon
  - - - some grooves are superficial
    - - blood
- - - - larval stage it's bilateral
    - - peculiar system to move
    - - calcareous ossicles
  - - - madreporite
        
        dorsal part
        
        connected to a complicated system of groves
        
        tube feet (podia)
        
        contain liquid inside
    - - flux of water
    - - nervous lymph
    - - claw shaped appendage with movable jaw
      - reflex responses
      - protection
      - maybe hunting
  - - - calcareous plates fused together
      - rigid shell
      - protects internal organs
    - - complex mechansm for masticating food
  - - - elongated body
    - - breathe drawing water through the anus
    - - ossicles
        
        microscopic bodies buried in leathery dermis
- - - - vertebral column
  - - - tail region
      - larval stage
  - - - Myxini
        
        parasites
        
        keratinazed teeth
        
        no jaw or mandible
        
        naked skin
        
        slime glands
      - Petromyzontida
        
        parasites
        
        row of teeth
        
        bony fish
        
        no paired appendages
        
        fibrous cartilagineous bone
    - - Fish
        
        Cartilagineous fish
        
        sharks, rays and chimeras
        
        placoid scales
        
        fusiform body
        
        paired appendages
        
        pelvic finn
        
        dorsal finn
        
        heterocercal caudal fin
        
        sharks
        
        rows of teeth
        
        continuously shed
        
        no swim bladder
        
        continuous swimming
        
        internal fertilization
        
        claspers transfer sperm
        
        female cloaca
        
        viviparous, ovoviviparous, oviparous reproduction
        
        sophisticated sensory system
        
        ampullae of Lorenzini
        
        lateral line
        
        rays
        
        produce electricity
        
        electrocytes
        
        Bony fish
        
        2 dorsal finns
        
        bony rays
        
        ventral finns
        
        homocercal caudal fin
        
        opercular gills
        
        scales are cycloid or ctenoid
        
        reproduction
        
        external fertilisation
        
        gametes are released in water
        
        sex determined by
        
        genetics
        
        environment
        
        Lungfishes
        
        modified finns
        
        move out of water
        
        breathe air
        
        early ancestors of tetrapods
      - Tetrapoda
        
        adaptations associated with the physiological loss of water un land
        
        keratinazation
        
        feathers
        
        ...
        
        Amphibians
        
        3 classes
        
        Anura
        
        Urodela
        
        Gymnophiona
        
        need water
        
        early stages
        
        not adapted for dry environments
        
        mucus
        
        light skeleton
        
        regenerate lost organs
        
        Reptiles
        
        4 classes
        
        Squamata
        
        Testudines
        
        Sphenodontas
        
        Crocodilia
        
        heterothermy
        
        sex determination is environmental
        
        snakes
        
        lost their appendages
        
        just vestigial
        
        very venomous
        
        neurotoxins
        
        hemotoxins
        
        homodont
        
        thermosensors
        
        Aves
        
        flight adaptations
        
        feathers
        
        made of keratin
        
        against loss of heat
        
        bones
        
        modified to be attached to feathers
        
        pectoral girdle and clavicle
        
        pectoralis muscle
        
        supracoroideus
        
        visual acuity
        
        migration
        
        best known type of migration
        
        over long distance
        
        from one continent to another
        
        altitude migration
        
        reproduction
        
        separate sex animals
        
        heterogametic female WZ
        
        fertilization through contact
        
        young birds
        
        altricial
        
        nearly naked, blind and helpless
        
        precocial
        
        covered with down, able to feed themselves
        
        sexual dimorphism
        
        male very bright and colored feathers
        
        colors
        
        optimal physiological conditions
        
        healthy and worthy partner
        
        Mammalia
        
        General characteristics
        
        possession of glands
        
        fur
        
        secondary palate
        
        lower and upper jaw exhibit dentition
        
        heterodontic
        
        diphyodontic
        
        dentition formula
        
        identificate species
        
        diversity of feeding habits
        
        types of digestive system
        
        different parts of limbs to walk
        
        meabolic rate
        
        intense for small mammals
        
        declines with increasing of body weight
        
        internal fertilization
        
        creation placental system
        
        Prototheria/Monotremata
        
        platipus
        
        echidna
        
        lay eggs
        
        have milk glands
        
        no teats
        
        Theria
        
        Metatheria/Marsupialia
        
        Ameridelphia
        
        opossum
        
        Australidelphia
        
        wombat, kangaroo, koala, tazmanian devil
        
        large poach
        
        1 more item...
        
        lack of competition
        
        Eutheria
        
        Xenarthra
        
        Cingulata
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pilosa
        
        1 more item...
        
        xenarthrales
        
        2 more items...
        
        Afrotheria
        
        origin in African continent
        
        Laurasiatheria
        
        Peryssodactila
        
        1 more item...
        
        Chiroptera
        
        1 more item...
        
        big group of Carnivora
        
        Certatiodactila
        
        2 more items...
        
        Euarchontoglires
        
        Rodentia
        
        Lagomorpha
        
        1 more item...
        
        Scandentia
        
        1 more item...
        
        Dermoptera
        
        1 more item...
        
        Primates
- - - - nematocysts
    - - ectoderm
        
        epidermis
      - endoderm
        
        gastrodermis
      - mesoglea
        
        extracellular matrix
    - - gastrovascular cavity
  - - - epithelium
      - contractile myofibers
    - - 2 networks of nervous system
      - signal is bidirectional
    - - barbs
        
        powerful toxins
    - - alternation of polyp and medusa stages
      - polyp stge
        
        asexual
      - medusa stage
        
        sexual
  - - - sensory elements
    - - planula
        
        strobila
        
        ephyra
        
        medusa