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Anti-Epilepsy - Coggle Diagram

- - - - May progress to generalized tonic-clonic seizures
      - Two types (simple or complex)
      - Symptoms depend on: (1) site of neuronal discharge (2) the extent that electrical activity spreads
      - Simple partial
        
        Occur at any age
        
        Caused by hyperactive neurons with abnormal electrical activity (confined to a single locus in brain)
        
        Patients do not lose consciousness, but shows abnormal activity of a single limb or muscle group** - controlled by the disturbed brain region & exhibits sensory distortions
      - Involve only a portion of brain, typically part of one lobe of one hemisphere
      - Complex partial
        
        Occur at any age
        
        Patients lose consciousness (impaired awareness, inability to respond)
        
        Complex sensory hallucinations & mental distortion
        
        Automatism (repetitive purposeless movement eg: chewing)
        
        Last 30 sec- 2 min. Then, patient tired & confused for 15 mins. May not function well for hours
    - - Immediate loss of consciousness
      - 6 types (tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, clonic, tonic, atonic)
      - May be convulsive or non-convulsive
      - Begins locally => progress to include abnormal electrical discharges throughout both brain hemispheres
  - - - Loss of consciousness => tonic (continuous contraction) & clonic (rapid contraction & relaxation) phases
      - Seizure, followed by confusion & exhaustion (due to depletion of glucose & energy stores)
    - - Involves increased tone in extension muscles & lasts <60 sec
    - - Patient may fall without warning
      - Known as drop attacks (sudden loss of muscle tone)
    - - Short episodes of muscle contractions (closely resemble myoclonic seizures
      - Consciousness is more impaired with clonic seizures as compared to myoclonic
    - - May occur at any age (usually begin around puberty or early adulthood)
      - Person usually awake, able to think clearly
      - May occur after wakening & exhibit as brief jerks of limbs (brief shock-like jerks)
      - Short episodes of muscle contractions that may recur for several mins
    - - Onset ~3-5 years old
      - Lasts until puberty or beyond
      - Brief, abrupt loss of consciousness = "rapid blanking out"
      - Patient stares with rapid eye-blinking (lasts 3-5 sec). They sometimes are mistaken for daydreaming & may not be detected for months
      - Very distinct spike & wave discharge on ECG
- - - - Results in CNS depression causing nystagmus & ataxia esp in elderly (highly susceptible to this effect)
      - Gingival hyperplasia
      - Long-term use - dev of peripheral neuropathies & osteoporosis
      - SHOULD NEVER be given IM, as it causes tissue damage & necrosis = "purple glove syndrome"