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8.0 Management of pain and discomfort - Coggle Diagram
8.0 Management of pain and discomfort
What is Pain
Critical for survival as people seek treatment
Sensation that bring discomfort and lead to seek of treatment
Elusive Nature of Pain
Sympathetic arousal which happened among athlete due to vigorous sport still enable them to continue their game.
Stress & Psychological distress can lead to pain
Pain is psychological experience and it is felt to the degree of how incapacitating it is.
Different perception yield from different cultural background
Measuring Pain
It cannot be measure objectively except of using certain tools:
Questionnaire
Neuroscience tools
Verbal report
Pain Behaviour
Pain Management Program
Family involvement
To reduce counterproductive behaviors.
Develop positive perception among family members
Relapse Prevention
Help to reduce post treatment pain reduction.
Component of programme
Training
Coping Skills
Patient Education
Evaluation of Program
Individualized treatment
Increase physical activity, reduce reliance on medication and health care services as well as perception on disability, improve psychosocial function.
Initial Evaluation
Evaluated in respect to their pain, psychological distress, behavior and psychosocial impairment.
Physiology of Pain
Message passes through reticular formation and thalamus, into the cerebral cortex to process the information (site of injury, severity)
Messages from the brain is transmitted to the muscles involved (efferent pathway), causing defensive mechanism. May involve changes in bodily functions,such as breathing
Nociceptors (pain receptor) detects injury, release messengers to the spinal cord (afferent pathway)
A- Delta Fiber - Quick & Intense Pain
C- Delta Fiber - Throbbing & Chronic Pain
Pain Control Techniques
Biofeedback (;Control of body's function)
Relaxation techniques
Sensory control of pain (;Counterirritation of other part )
Distraction
Surgical control of pain (; perform surgery)
Coping skills training.
1.Pharmacological control of pain (; Anesthetic, anti-depressed drug..)
Cognitive-behavior therapy.
Clinical Issue of Pain Management
Most pain control techniques works to control acute pain, less successful with chronic pain.
2 types of pain
Acute
Chronic
Chronic progressive pain (>6M)
Chronic benign pain (6M or more)
Chronic benign pain (>6M)
Chronic pain involves complex interaction of psychological, social & behavior.