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BLOOD HEALTH - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ~55% of volume
      - Contributes to blood volume
    - - ~45% of volume
      - transport oxygen
    - - < 1% of volume
      - contribute to immune function
    - - < 1% of volume
      - contribute to blood clotting
- - - - 80% found in hemoglobin and myoglobin
      - 5-25% absorbed from diet
      - 3-4 g in body
      - 2 oxidation states = 2+ (ferrous), 3+ (ferric)
      - DRI-RDA
        
        Female = 18 mg/day
        
        Male = 8 mg/day
    - - 2-3 g in body
      - High concentrations in eyes, prostate glands, bone, muscle
      - 10-35% absorbed in diet
      - 1 primary oxidation state = 2+
      - DRI-RDA
        
        Female = 8 mg/day
        
        Male = 11 mg/day
  - - - Vitamin C (primarily non-heme iron in plant foods)
      - Meat protein factor (MPF)
      - Stomach acid
      - Iron = heme-type
      - High demand by body, low body stores
      - Zinc = animal sources
    - - Binders (phytic acid and oxalic acid found in plant foods)
      - Decreased stomach acid
      - Full body stores
      - Polyphenols (tannins in tea, caffeine in coffee)
      - High dietary fibre (~50 g/day)
      - Supplemental intakes of other minerals at low iron or zinc intakes
    - - Plant foods = 100% non-heme iron (mostly Fe3+)
        
        Typical mixed diet = 85% non-heme + 15% heme
      - Animal foods = 60% non-heme + 40% heme (Fe3+ and Fe2+)
      - Non-heme iron
        
        5-15% absorbed
        
        Up to 10-fold increase
      - Heme iron
        
        25-35% absorbed
        
        Up to 2-fold increase
      - DRI-RDA based on 18% absorption
  - - - Mucosal Block Regulation (protective effect)
      - page 10
    - - Enteropancreatic Circulation of Zince
      - Mucosal Block Regulation (protective effect)
      - 2 sources of Zinc enter intestine
        
        Diet
        
        Pancreatic secretions
      - page 11
  - - - Synthesis of
        
        Cytochromes (ETC)
        
        Catalase (antioxidant anzyme)
        
        Hemoglobin and myoglobin
    - - Gene regulation
      - Sexual development
      - Wound healing
      - Thyroid function
      - Synthesis of
        
        Pancreatic juices
        
        DNA
        
        Superoxide dismutase (cytoplasm)
        
        Hemoglobin
  - - - Anemia
        
        Iron deficiency (stage 2)
        
        depleted iron transport (transferrin)
        
        reduced work capacity
        
        Iron Deficiency Anemia (stage 3)
        
        severe depletion of iron stores + low Hb = impacts oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood + reduced energy production
        
        low hematocrit value (% of whole blood volume that is RBC)
        
        symptoms
        
        fatigue
        
        pale skin
        
        impaired immune function
        
        Iron depletion (stage 1)
        
        Hb can still be in normal range, but at low end
        
        no physical symptoms
        
        depleted body stores of iron (ferritin)
        
        Characteristics
        
        macrocytic
        
        hypochromic RBC
        
        Populations
        
        newborns (born with ~6 month store)
        
        infants/children (high demand, rapid growth)
        
        everyone except healthy adult males
        
        adolescents
        
        males = rapid growth
        
        females = onset of menses
        
        women of child-bearing years (menses)
        
        pregnant women (increased blood volume, muscle mass, growth needs of fetus)
        
        athletes (increased iron loss, reduced intake)
        
        blood donors (~2.5 mg/unit, ~1/2 L)
        
        elderly (lower intake, poorer absorption)
        
        Prevalence
        
        ~15% of North American women have ID
        
        ~8% of North American women have IDA
        
        Causes
        
        heavy menstrual losses
        
        ulcers, infection, cancer
        
        poor dietary iron intake (eg. vegans)
        
        pica (impulsive eating disorder)
        
        Treatment
        
        usually ferrous sulphate supplements
      - Women
        
        Normal Hb levels = 12-16 g/dL
        
        Normal Hct levels = 38-46%
      - Men
        
        Normal Hb levels = 14-18 g/dL
        
        Normal Hct levels = 42-54%
    - - Pica practiced
      - Symptoms
        
        poor sexual development in teen males
        
        dwarfism
        
        diarrhea
        
        impaired digestive processes
        
        metallic taste in mouth
        
        slow wound healing
      - Diet low in animal protein, high in unleavened bread, legumes whole grains, beans
  - - - Hemochromatosis
        
        organs rust
        
        increased potential pro-oxidant (free radical) action
        
        causes: genetic + lifestyle
        
        increased risk of infection
        
        impaired mucosal block
        
        joint pain, fatigue
    - - Supplement use only
        
        Can impair Iron and Copper absorption
        
        Zn intake at 3-5x RDA can reduce HDL-c levels by ~15% and increase risk of heart disease
        
        excess zinc excreted through enteropancreatic circulation (protective effect)
  - - - Moderate = grains, legumes
      - Low = vegetables
      - High = meat, fish, poultry
    - - Milk and milk products
      - Breastmilk (low amounts, but high bioavaliability)
    - - contribute to iron intake especially when cooking acidic foods
      - reduced percentage of IDA (32% to 5.3%, 12 weeks) in young brazilian adult vegetarians
    - - Iron page 24
      - Zinc page 25
  - - - if tolerated, take between meals when not consuming milk, tea, coffee, high fibre foods
      - take with plenty of fluids
      - less well absorbed than iron in food (food has factors that enhance absorption
      - treatment of ID/IDA
        
        prescription level ferrous sulphate (~200-300 mg/day for a monitored period of time)
      - usually ferrous (Fe2+) because higher absorbability
      - most common cause of young children's accidental poisoning deaths in USA
    - - often taken with echinacea
      - no reliable and conclusive evidence to support the claims
      - Zinc-gluconate = claimed to reduce symptoms and duration of the common cold
- - - - cofactor for collagen synthesis
    - - superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme (in cytoplasm, with Zn)
    - - Ceruloplasmin assists in converting Fe2+ in portal blood entering liver to Fe3+ for transport from the liver to other tissues via transferrin
      - low Ceruloplasmin cause Fe overload in liver, everntually damage (rust) the liver
      - liver produces CERULOPLASMIN (Cu-containing protein)
  - - - increased blood cholesterol and damage to arteries = increasing risk of heart disease
      - anemia
      - low WBC count
      - poor growth
      - bone loss
    - - Adults = 900 ug/day
    - - 10,000 ug/day