social class

status

According to Max Weber

Social class was based on a person's status, measured in terms of their lifestyle and life choices in addition to measures of wealth and occupation

vs

stable variables which are used across all classes

variables for class identification

lower classes often lead in change/ upper classes are often more conservative

post vocalic r is more often used in higher classes/ educated people

cross-over effect

emerges at the intersection of style and class, typically it refers to the breakdown in the most careful speech styles of clear stratification between speakers of different social classes. For example, when reading word lists, speakers from the second highest social class will suddenly produce more tokens of an incoming or prestige form than speakers in the highest social class do, instead of producing slightly fewer tokens as they do in their conversation or interview styles

vs

change from above

changes taking place in a speech community above the level of individuals conscious awareness(is conscious aware!). Able to be commented on. One variant is clearly standard or has clear overt prestige. It does not refer to changes led by higher social classes (though this is often the case)

change for below

changes taking place in a speech community below the level of conscious awareness. Not the subject of overt comment. It does not refer to changes led by lower social class.

Hypercorrection

Identifying a feature and overusing it

using a variant which does not even exist because of hypercorrection (beatles)

Linguistic insecurity

speakers feeling that the variety they use is somehow inferior, ugly or bad. Negative attitudes to one's own variety expressed in aesthetic or moral terms.

index score

A means by which scalar variables like raising of a vowel can be converted into quantifiable data. For example, very low cariants can be assigned a score of 0, and very raised ones a score of 3, with two intermediate levels. Aggregate scores across all tokens allow the researcher to identify some speakers or groups of speakers as more or less conservative or innovative than others