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ENERGY METABOLISM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - facilitate release of energy from macronutrients (CHO, PRO, FAT)
      - page 7
    - - page 5-6
    - - Folate (B9)
      - B6
      - Niacin (B3)
      - B12
      - Riboflavin (B2)
      - Pantothenic Acid (B5)
      - Thiamin (B1)
      - Biotin (B7)
  - - - Intake << = Absorption <<
      - Alcohol damage to organs = metabolic use <<
      - stores << = excretion >>
    - - intake of food / intake of nutrient-dense food << = risk of deficiency >>
- - - - DNA replication
      - Cell differentiation
    - - Activation of vitamin B6 to PLP
      - Activity of glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant enzyme)
    - - Neural action
      - Neurotransmitters
  - - - Ariboflavinosis
      - Symptoms
        
        Cheilosis (cracks in corner of mouth)
        
        Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
        
        Stomatitis (inflammation in mouth)
        
        Dermatitis (skin irritation, itchy and dry skin)
    - - Pellagra
      - Symptoms
        
        Diarrhea
        
        Dementia
        
        Dermatitis
        
        Death
    - - Beri-beri
      - Symptoms
        
        Muscle wasting
        
        Edema (swelling)
        
        Neural damage
  - - - Extremely low, no UL
      - RDA
        
        Males = 1.3 mg/day
        
        Females = 1.1 mg/day
      - Adequate intake with mixed diet
    - - Adult UL = 35 mg/day
      - RDA
        
        Males = 16 mg/day
        
        Females = 14 mg/day
      - Nicotinic acid = lowers LDL but causes niacin flush, liver damage
      - Adequate intake
    - - RDA
        
        Males = 1.2 mg/day
        
        Females = 1.1mg/day
      - Adequate intake
      - Extremely low, no UL
- - - - Gluconeogenesis
      - Trp (with B6) --> Niacin (page 30)
      - Transamination (page 28)
      - Synthesis WBC, RBC
      - Glycogenolysis
    - - Intracellular activation of folate
      - Synthesis and maintenance of myelin sheath (page 30)
    - - Intracellular activation of B12
      - Synthesis of DNA (especially important for RBC, intestinal cells, pregnancy)
  - - - Macrocytic anemia (big cell anemia)
      - Neural tube defects
    - - rare alcoholics
    - - Macrocytic anemia
      - Patchy myelin sheath
        
        Elderly = monthly injections
        
        usually due to low IF (intrinsic factor), not low dietary intake
  - - - extremely low
      - Bile excretion
      - RDA
        
        Adults = 400 ug/day (food)
        
        females capable of pregnancy: +400 ug/day (supplemental, fortified foods)
      - UL
        
        1000 ug/day (supplement, foritifed)
      - Adequate males, marginal females
    - - Vegans = supplemental intake
      - Elderly = monthly injections
      - RDA
        
        Adults = 2.4 ug/day
      - Adequate intake (~2x)
      - extremely low
    - - RDA
        
        Adults = 1.3 mg/day
      - UL
        
        100 mg/day
      - PMS = neural damage
      - Adequate intake
      - supplemental use
- - - - Synthesis of
        
        Fatty acids
        
        Neurotransmitters
        
        Hemoglobin
    - - Synthesis of
        
        Glucose
        
        Fatty acids
        
        DNA
  - - - Rare
    - - Rare
  - - - None
      - No UL
      - AI
        
        Adults = 5 mg/day
      - Adequate intake
    - - None
      - No UL
      - AI
        
        Adults = 30 ug/day
      - Adequate intake
- - - - DRI-AI = 550 mg/day
      - DRI-UL = 3500 mg/day
    - - DRI-AI = 425 mg/day
      - DRI-UL = 3500 mg/day
  - - - Neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)
      - Phospholipids (cell membranes)
- - - - Thyroid function
        
        Selenium required (T4 --> T3)
        
        Controls:
        
        Body temperature
        
        Nerve and muscle action
        
        BMR
        
        Growth, reproduction
        
        Integral component of 2 thyroid hormones
        
        thyroxine (T4)
        
        triiodothyroine (T3)
        
        80% body iodide found in thyroid gland
    - - Maintenance of Blood glucose
        
        Cr-containing protein binds to insulin receptors in cell membranes
        
        boosts receptor activity + cellular uptake of GLU from blood to provide energy to cells
      - 0.4-2.5% of intake absorbed
        
        Organic acids (eg. picolinate, vitamin C) increase absorption
        
        Antacids decrease absorption
    - - Cartilage production
      - Cofactor for many enzyme systems
        
        Superoxide dismutase (antioxidant enzyme system in mitcohondria)
        
        Pyruvate carboxylase (used in CHO metabolism, pyruvate --> oxaloacetate)
        
        Arginase (urea synthesis)
  - - - Higher blood glucose and insulin levels
    - - Rare calcium, iron supplements
    - - Cretinism (physical deformity, learning disability)
      - Weight gain
      - Goiter (abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland)
  - - - No UL
      - RDA
        
        Adult males = 35 ug/day
        
        Adult females = 25 ug/day
      - Extremely low
      - Typical intake = ~30 ug/day
    - - Aggravates iron deficiency
      - RDA
        
        Adult males = 2.3 mg/day
        
        Adult females = 1.8 mg/day
      - Environmental hazard = for miners
      - UL
        
        11 mg/day
      - Very low
      - Adequate intake
    - - RDA
        
        Adults = 150 ug/day
      - UL
        
        1100 ug/day
      - Enlarged thyroid gland
      - Adequate intake (~2-3x, salt)
      - Supplement use only
- - - - Stabilizes 3D configuration of proteins via disulphide bonds
      - Used in detoxing pathways in the liver (glutathione)
    - - Not observed
    - - None
    - - Rare
      - Only extreme protein deficiency