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Immune System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The first line of defense
        
        The first line against letting these pathogens inside your body
    - - Another first line of defense
        
        The lining of your nose will keep pathogens from getting inside
    - - it is not selective about what it blocks from getting into your body
    - - The cells are filled with substances that work with allergic responses and inflammatory responses
        
        One substance that they contain is the Histamine
        
        It will cause blood vassels to dilate, meaning they widen, near the injury
        
        It will aslo contributes to making these blood vessels leakier
        
        The dilation and leakiness of the blood vassels makes it easier for many types of white blood cells as certain types of macrophages to reach the area
        
        They consume the pathogens
    - - The specific line of defense
        
        Targeted on that pathogen
        
        Adaptive immunity
        
        spesific response to an antigen
        
        An antigen is something the body recognizes as non-self, it is something that would be a part of the pathogen
        
        Humoral
        
        T-helper cells are present
        
        The macrophage will release chemical signals, which the cuases the T-helper cell to release chemical signals whiche then can stimulate cytotoxic B cells
        
        The B cells have the ability to make something called antibodies
        
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        B cells causes these antibodies to be produced, and this is part of humoral response
        
        B cells can also be activated by free antigens themselves that they may have come in contact with
        
        Cell-mediated
        
        involves the cytotoxic T cell
        
        a white blood cell that has the ability to destroy cells that have been infected by the pathogen
        
        by releasing signals that causes the infected cells to apoptosis, which is a type of self destruct
        
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        In Cell-mediated and Humoral there are memory cells (memory B cells and memory T cells)
        
        These cells keep a "memory" of the antigen that they were exposed to
        
        Memory B cells can activate Plasma B cells which will make antibodies
        
        Memory T cells can activate cytotoxic T cells which will go after infected cells
        
        This is very important
        
        This is also where vaccines come in
        
        They can introduce either an inactivated or very weakened pathogen
        
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- - - - Monocytes
        
        Are inactive and circulate in the blood until they encouter signs of a pathogen and leave, becoming Macrophages which engulf the bacteria by endocytosis
        
        Long life span
      - Neutrophiles
        
        Digest bacteria in a simlar way to macrophages
      - Act against specific pathogens. They contain specific genes that code for a specific production of particular receptors
        
        Two examples are T-lymphocytes(collect in the thymus gland) and B-lymphocytes(settle in the nodes)
        
        B-lymphocytes have specific recetor cells in the surface which bind with antigens . When activated, they divide by mitosis and produce genetically identical plasma cells which then produce antibodies(desroy antigens or facilitate this action for phagocytes). Some of these clones remain as memory cells.
        
        T-lymphocytes have two types of cells; T killers and T helper cells. When activated, T helper cells secrete cytokines, which stimulate B-lymphocytes to produce plasma cells. Activated T killers attacth to body cells that have antigens matching their receptors and destroy it. Some of them become memory cells.