Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Triple Cemistry Revition - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Carbon Dioxide
      - Water Vapour
      - Methane
    - - The sun emits short wave radiation that passes through the Earth’s atmosphere.
      - The short wave radiation is absorbed at the Earths surface and re-emitted as long wave radiation.
      - Some long wave radiation escapes the Earths atmosphere
      - The long wave radiation is absorbed by the greenhouse gases and re-radiates in al directions
      - The long wave radiation is thermal radiation so it results in the warming of the surface of the Earth
    - - Burning fossil fuels in vehicles
      - Burning fossil fuels in power plants
      - Deforestation
      - Farming cattle
      - Farming in Paddy fields.
- - - - Screening
        
        Removing large bits of material such as twigs, plastic bags, rubbish as well as any grit
      - Sedimentation
        
        Heavier suspended solids sink to the bottom and form a sludge
      - Aerobic Digestion
        
        Air is pumped through water to encourage bacteria to break down any organic matter
      - Anaerobic Digestion
        
        The organic matter in the sludge from the bottom of the tank is broken down by anaerobic digestion.
        
        Methane is released, can be used as energy source.
        
        Any remain waste is used as fertiliser
      - Some waste water that contains toxic substance have additional stages. Such as adding chemicals and UV radiation
  - - - Underground water (aquifers)
      - Rivers
      - Reservoirs
      - Very few countries get their water from oceans or marshes due to the high salt content.
    - - Debris (leaves, twigs)
      - Sewage (from humans and animals)
      - Chemicals (factory waste, pesticides, drugs, fuels)
      - Microorganisms (harmful and non-harmful)
    - - Treatment of water can be split into two key stages
        
        Filtration
        
        1) Contaminated water enters the reservoir. Microbes start to break down large pieces of debris into smaller pieces. This has the chance to sink to the bottom because the water is still.
        
        2)Water is passed through a filter to remove any remaining large pieces of debris.
        
        3)Aluminium sulfate & lime are added which sticks small pieces of debris together to form a sludge. The water is filtered through layers of sand & gravel to remove the sludge.
        
        Sterilisation
        
        4)Chlorine gas, ozone gas or UV light is passed through the water to kill any microbes. Fluoride is sometimes added to improve peoples’ dental health.
        
        5)The pH of the water is checked to make sure it is neutral and then it is stored in large tanks until needed.
- - - - For Example: Iron
        
        In order for rusting to occur, iron needs both Oxygen and Water.
        
        When a metal is reacted with water and oxygen, an oxide will form.
        
        Iron + Water + Oxygen 🡪 Iron Oxide
      - Rusting only happens to the surface of an exposed metal. However iron rust will crumble away leaving the surface below exposed.
      - This is a test that will show a few of the possibilitys that show how iron rusts and doesnt rust
      - For Example: Aluminium
        
        It can form a protective layer that sticks to the aluminium below and stops further reactions with the oxygen and water.
        
        When aluminium oxide forms it doesn’t flake away.
  - - - An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, where at least one element is a metal. Many alloys are mixtures of two or more metals.
    - - Bronze
        
        what is it made from?
        
        Copper and tin
        
        What are its Uses?
        
        Ancient weaponry and statues and musical instruments
      - Brass
        
        what is it made from?
        
        Copper and zinc
        
        What are its Uses?
        
        Plumbing and decoration
      - Gold (used in jewellery)
        
        what is it made from?
        
        nickel, zinc, copper and gold
        
        What are its Uses?
        
        jewellery
      - Steel
        
        what is it made from?
        
        Iron and carbon
        
        What are its Uses?
        
        Strong support beams
  - - - The metal ore that we get copper from is called malachite.
      - The compound in this that contains copper ions is called copper carbonate.
      - Copper was one of the first metals to be extraceted by humans
        
        Why was it first?
        
        Copper is also a good conductor of heat and it does not react with water. This makes it useful for plumbing, and making pipes and tanks.
        
        Copper is soft and easily bent and so is a good conductor of electricity, which makes it useful for wiring.
        
        There are two main ways that copper can be removed from its metal ore:
        
        1) Copper ore is heated with carbon in a tower called a blast furnace to produce impure copper. Copper is then extracted from this. This process is called smelting.
        
        2) Copper ore is heated until copper carbonate turns into copper oxide.Sulfuric acid is then added to turn copper oxide into copper sulfate solution.Copper is then extracted from copper sulfate using displacement.
    - - Less reactive metals than carbon such as iron
        
        can be extracted from their oxides by reduction with carbon, for example iron oxide is reduced in the blast furnace to make iron
      - More reactive metals than carbon such as carbon
        
        can be extracted by electrolysis of molten compounds. The use of large amounts of energy in the extraction of these metals makes them expensive.
- - - - This is reversable
    - - Iron catalyst
      - High temperature (450oC)
      - High pressure (200atm)