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ENERGY METABOLISM, both aid in energy release from macronutrients - Coggle…

- - - - Macrocytic Anemia
        
        RBC synthesis occurs in bone marrow, immature RBC cannot divid& mature because they cannot make new DNA without adequate folate, but can increase in size thus, large but immature
      - Neural Tube Defects
        
        high need of folate for rapid cell division
        
        closure of neural tube occurs in first 28 days
        
        many women are unaware they are pregnant
      - Elevated Homocysteine
        
        increased risk for heart disease
      - people at risk
        
        women! taking oral contraceptives
        
        chronic users of antiacids
        
        burn victoms, any one with gi tract damage
    - - rare due to excretion in urine
    - - beef liver, fish
      - legumes, whole grains, green leafy veggies, fruits, orange juice, brewers yeast.
  - - - called FAD and FMN
      - FMN needed to convert B6 to active from
      - FMN and FAD assist glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme system
      - 60 mg Trpypt can be converted to 1 mg Niacin
    - - called ARIBOFLAVINOSIS
        
        relatively rare
      - inflammation of tongue
        
        cheilosis
      - cracking of mouth
        
        glossitis
      - smooth inflamed tongue
        
        dermatitis
      - Whos at risk?
        
        alcoholics (poor diet)
        
        people who don't often consume milk products
        
        same deficiency symptoms as Folate and B6
    - - none
    - - animal foods
        
        *milk & milk products, meat, fish ,poultry
      - plant foods
        
        enriched grains & products, dark greens, mushrooms, whole grains, fortified plant drinks
  - - - causes
        
        lack of dietary intake (only vegans)
        
        very efficient recycling so symptoms appear late
        
        absorption problems
        
        deficiency symptoms appear faster now
        
        result
        
        Patchy Myelin Sheath
        
        Macrocytic Anemia (pernicious anemia = genetic disorder)
        
        defective gene limits IF production, B12 absorption impaired
        
        1 more item...
        
        inadequate stomach acid production- limited release of B12 from protein in food
        
        more often, a result of inadequate IF production
    - - no known symptoms
      - supplements appear toxic
      - excess excreted in bile
    - - synthesis reactions
      - reducing blood HCys
        
        reducing risk for heart disease
      - generating energy from macronutrients
      - intracellular activation of folate, to synthesize DNA
      - synthesis/maintenance of myelin sheath
        
        insulation around nerve fibres; prevention of nerve damage or paralysis
    - - only found in animal foods
        
        or soil contaminated plant foods ?
        
        most nutrient - dense sources
        
        clams, oyesters, organ meats, beef, eggs
        
        yeast
        
        fortified foods
        
        fermented soy products
  - - - called NAD(H) and NADP(H)
        
        both aid in release of energy from macronutrients
        
        both forms needed for synthesis of compounds (fatty acids, AA, glucose)
        
        phosphorylated form required for replicating DNA and for cell differentiation
    - - called PELLEGRA
      - happens because almost every pathways needs NADPH and NADH
      - early symptoms:
        
        weakness
        
        fatigue
        
        loss of appetite
        
        inflammation of mouth, tongue and intestine
      - final symptoms
        
        the 4D's
        
        dermatitis
        
        diarrhea
        
        dementia
        
        death
    - - large doses can have drug like effects
        
        cause dilation of blood capillaries
    - - animal foods
        
        beef liver, chicken, tuna, halibut, salmon
      - plant foods
        
        wholegrains, * enriched grains, mushrooms, nuts, asparagus, nuts, leafy green
  - - - symptom- loss of neurological coordination, numb feet, hands & mouth
        
        questionable treatment of PMS
    - - rare in adults
        
        except alcoholics
        
        when alcoholic is metabolized, PLP is displaced from its enzyme leading to an increased breakdown and loss of PLP
    - - Co-enzyme called PLP
        
        needed for...
        
        Reducing Hcys
        
        Transamination of AA
        
        generating energy from MN
        
        Synthesis of WBC
        
        synthesis of WBC
        
        conversion of tryptophan--> Niacin
        
        Synthesis of GLU, NT, Steroid Hormones & Bile Acids
    - - beef liver, turkey, fish, brewers yeast
      - legumes, wholegrans, green leafs, fruits
  - - - co-enzyme= CoA
        
        needed to synthesize acetyl-CoA
    - - very rare
      - seen in alcoholics
        
        headache, nausea, burning foot
    - - none
  - - - called TPP
      - aids in release of energy from CHO
      - aids in DNA, RNA & neurotransmitters; helps regulate nerve impulses
    - - called BER BERI
        
        problems with...
        
        walking
        
        neural damage
        
        muscle wasting
        
        Edema
        
        body functions associated with nerves and brain deteriorate quickly due to glucose
    - - none
    - - animal foods
        
        *pork, ham, organ meats
      - plant foods
        
        *enriched grains, sunflower seeds, peanuts, legumes, wheat germ, bran
  - - - intestinal synthesis by bacteria
      - co-enzyme form called biocytin and is needed
        
        releasing energy from CHO
        
        Synthesis reactions
    - - very rare
        
        people on longterm antibiotic
        
        artificially induced with AVIDIN
- - - - Thyroid function
    - - 2000mg/day
        
        see increase in size of thyroid gland
    - - GOITER
        
        simple
        
        toxic
        
        over consumption of raw foods
        
        contain goitrogens
        
        Cretinism
        
        severe def in early pregnancy , causes irreversible mental & physical disabilities
        
        often born mute, deaf or blind, grows short
        
        Weight Gain
        
        reduced levels of thyroid may lead to slower metabolism
    - - iodized salt
      - fast food
      - salt water fish
  - - - rare
        
        symptoms: impaired growth, staggering gait, impaired CHO metabolism
        
        Calcium supplements and Iron supplements may inhibit Mn absorption
    - - rarely observed
      - excess Mn may aggravate Iron Deficiecny
    - - Co-Factor for many diff enzymes in metabolic reactions
      - Cartilage Production
        
        cushion for joints between bones
    - - Plant food: nuts, seeds, whole grains, fruits, veg, legumes, coffee, tea
  - - - seen in ppl with long term intravenous
        
        feeds not supplemented with chromium (rare)
      - malnourished children
      - may see impaired insulin action resulting in high BGL and High insulin levels due to lack of GLU uptake by cells
    - - extremely low risk
    - - maintenance of blood glucose levels
        
        Co-Factor needed to help insulin receptors facilitate GLU UPTAKE INTO CELLS
    - - Animal Foods
        
        egg yolks
        
        liver
        
        cheeses
      - Plant Foods
        
        whole grains
        
        mushrooms/onions
        
        legumes/nuts
        
        dark chocolate
- - - - Amino Acid
        
        essential component of 2 amino acids : Cys & Met
        
        disulfide bonds stabilize 3-D configuration and function of proteins
      - Liver Pathways
        
        sulphur used in drug detoxifying pathways in liver
    - - not observed
        
        not observed, unless severe protein deficiency
    - - none
- - - - low blood pressure
        
        cause diarrhea & fishy body odour
    - - females: 425mg/d