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10 Syntax 2 - Coggle Diagram
10 Syntax 2
Functions at clause level
VERB
(V)
vs
verb
central element of a clause
related forms
verb phrase
+ clause
SUBJECT
(S)
related forms
noun phrase
Question:
WHO or WHAT
!
ex
Who or what considers the new mayor an extraordinary nuisance?
clause
Criteria for identification
position
constituent order: SV
case
ex
her
is my sister(case)
concord
number(Plural/Singular) of noun matches with number of verb
many people
considers
the new mayor
passivisation
ex
The new mayor is considered...by many people
question tag
ex
Many people consider ..., don't they?
refers back to subject
finite clause
usually needs an overt subject
ex
Your private copy of the OED? Gosh!
It's
a thing of beauty
empty subject
ex
Your garden party? Look...
It's
raining again
english needs this
vs
null-subject languages
czech
1 more item...
Ancient Greek
OBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT
(OD)
related forms
noun phrase
clause
criteria for identification
position
constituent order: SVO
case
ex
Many people consider
he
...
behaviour under
passivisation
Hamlet
was written...
INDIRECT OBJECT
(OI)
related forms
noun phrase
clause
Criteria for identification
position
const.order:
SVOIOD
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
(CS)
relating forms
noun phrase
adjective phrase
clause
Criteria for the identification of the SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
reference to SUBJECT expressed by
COPULA
(
linking
verb**)
ex
be
become
seem
NO
passivisation
ex
a nice fellow is been by your boss (NOT POSSIBLE)
OBJECT COMPLEMENT(CO)
relating forms
noun phrase
adjective phrase
Criteria for the identification
position:
SVOCO
semantic reference to OBJECT
behaviour under **passivisation
ex
an extraordinary nuisance is called..
he is considered an extraordinary nuisance
Object becomes Subject
CO becomes CS
ADVERBIAL(A)
Criteria for the identification of most ADVERBIALS
optionality
can be left out/ommitted
mobility
by then the book should have..
the book by then should have..
the book should by then been...
...
related forms
adverb phrase
prepositional phrase
noun phrase
clause
Semantical Modifiers of
verb phrase
ex
She hugged me tenderly once more and gracefully jumped into the pool
entire clause
ex
Wisely
, Mr Hobbes consulted his lawyer first
an implied speech act verb
ex
Frankly
(I say:) there is so much I can do.
In a word
(I say) he is a loyal man
VS
AOBL(Obligatory Adverbials)
ex
My aunt is
into yoga
I quietly stole
upstairs
.
We kept Ronald
off cigarettes
VSEX
They had married (in Chicago before)
optional
They had lived
in Chicago
(before)
7 Verb complementation patterns
intransative
S V
ex
Dogs bark (preferably at night)
monotransitive
S V O
ex
the farmer (brutally) kicked the horse
ditransitive
S V OI OD
ex
So she bought him a wonderful present
copular
SVCS
ex
He is terribly conceited, (in my view)
complex-transitive
S V O VO
ex
The people (twice) elected him King.
intransitive with AOBL
S V AOBL
(When she had left), I stole into her room
transitive with obligatory A
S V O AOBL
He (casually) put the letter into the drawer
PRACTICE CLAUSE IDENTIFICATION!!!!!!!!