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CYANOSIS
Pathophysiology
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Cyanosis refers to a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased quantity of reduced hemoglobin
Cyanosis may be subdivided into central and peripheral types.
CHRONIC COUGH
Causes:
Aspiration, bronchiectasis
bronchiolitis, sarcoidosis, posterior nasal drip.
asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, etc
Pathophysiology
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The cough is classified in:
Subacute: between 3 and 8 weeks
Chronic: more than 3 weeks
Acute: less than 3 weeks
Treatment
Dextromethorphan is an over-the-counter, centrally acting cough suppressant with fewer side effects and less efficacy compared to the narcotic cough suppressants.
Benzonatate is thought to inhibit neural activity of sensory nerves in the cough reflex pathway.
Narcotic cough suppressants such as codeine or hydrocodone, which are thought to act in the “cough center” in the brainstem and cause drowsiness and constipation and their potential for addictive dependence limit their appeal for long-term use.
Chronic cough refers to a cough that persists for a longer period of time that is generally 8 weeks or more. Often there can be more than one cause in people with chronic coughs.
DYSPNEA
Pathophysiology
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Dyspnea as a “subjective experience of breathing discomfort, is the medical term for shortness of breath, sometimes described as air hunger, its a symptom of the patient and an uncomfortable feeling. This classification is made by the patient's activity and his difficulty breathing
Classification
Class II - Mild symptoms (mild shortness of breath and/or angina) and slight limitation during ordinary activity.
Class III - Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity, e.g. walking short distances (100 m).Comfortable only at rest.
Class I - No symptoms and no limitation in ordinary physical activity, e.g. shortness of breath when walking, climbing stairs etc.
Class IV - Severe limitations. Experiences symptoms even while at rest. Mostly bedbound patients.
Treatment
HEMOPTYSIS
Treament
It must be determined whether hemoptysis is a threat to the patient's life. In such situations all necessary therapeutic tools must be used in order to stop the bleeding.
Is the coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs. In other words, it is the airway bleeding. It can arise from any part of the respiratory tract, from the alveoli to the glottis.
Pathophysiology
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