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Pas*sive, get, causative - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The judge will read out the names of the winners in alphabetical order.
        The names of the winners will be read out in alphabetical order (by the judge).
        The post has arrived, (active) (not transitive)
        The manager offered the customer a refund.
        The customer was offered a refund. A refund was offered to the customer.
  - - - My bag was stolen. ( = A thief stole my bag.)
        
        modal verbs: verb + be + past participle
        
        modal perfects: verb + have been + past participle
        
        multi-word verbs (take over): we never separate the verb and particle(s) in the passive.
        
        make (= force) see/hear/ help + infinitive: be + past participle + to + infinitive
        
        let: has no passive form so we use a passive form of allow/permit/give permission.
        
        Candidates must answer all the questions. They have to take a test. All the questions must be answered. A test has to be taken.
        Someone might have stolen it. The jury ought to have convicted him. It might have been stolen. He ought to have been convicted.
        
        They took the company over in 2001.
        
        The company was taken over (by them) in 2001.
        
        The boss made me work late. I saw her take it.
        
        I was made to work late. She was seen to take it.
        
        (The teacher let us leave early) We were allowed/permitted/given permission to leave early.
        
        don't use the passive of the perf cont tenses.
        use an active form and an impersonal subject.
        
        avoid repeating the same passive auxiliary form.
        
        By next month they will have been investigating the murder for over a year.
        The contracts have been signed and dated if front of two witnesses. (NOT have been dated)
  - - - He was said to be innocent. He was asked to leave.
        It was said that he was innocent.
        It was decided/felt that it would be too costly to buy a car.
        
        use when:
        we don't want to mention a person whose words are being reported
        we want to describe impersonal or general feelings.
  - - - John has a Ferrar.
        John's having lunch. (NOT Lunch is being had by John)
        
        the passive can describe a state which is the result of an action.
  - - - How did he get hurt?
        That house is owned by my uncle.
        
        use
        unusual, unexpected action.
- - - - I don't like people lying to me.
        I don't like being lied to me.
        Having signed the deal, we went out to celebrate.
        The deal having been signed, we went out to celebrate.
        We regret not having been shown/not being shown the Acropolis.
  - - - His dog loves to be patted and made a fuss of.
        This ascent is the first to have been achieved without the aid of oxygen.
        
        use
        in reported speech with
        ask for + object
        need + passive infinitive (or an active -ing form)
        
        Pascoe asked for the prisoners to be held in the cells overnight.
        That cage really needs to be cleaned.
- - - - I had the washing machine repaired yesterday
        
        active version of this pattern means 'cause someone to do something’.
        1) Have + object + bare infinitive (more commo in US)
        2) Get + object + to + infinitive (more common in Br)
        :star: make someone do sth
        
        I had the mechanic repair my washing machine.
        I will get the hairdresser to do my hair this afternoon.
        After numerous letters from our solicitor we finally got them to give us a refund.
  - - - Liz had her passport stolen.
  - - - Have/Get that mess cleaned up at once!
        Don’t worry. I’ll have the report finished before the board meeting.
- - - - Guernica is a wonderful example of cubistt art. In 1937 Picasso painted it.
        Guernica is a wonderful example of cubistt art. In 1937. It was painted by Picasso in 1937.
        The huge orange sun sinking slowly below the horizon delighted her.
        She was delighted by the huge orange sun sinking slowly below the horizon.
  - - - She was murdered. (We don't know who did it)
        She has been sacked. (obviously by her employes)
        Wars have been fought throughout history. ( Who fought them is not important here)
  - - - I see the washing-up hasn't been done.
        Rio de Janeiro as been described as the most beautiful city in the America.
  - - - The research was carried out over a period of six months.
        Answers must be written in ink.
        Minutes are taken and then submitted to the chair for approval.
        Tribal lands were sold over a period of fifty years.