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Grade 11 image - Coggle Diagram
Grade 11
Matter, Trends, and Bonding
Periodic Table Trends
Ionization: increases up and to the left
Atomic Radius: Increases down and to the right
Ion Radius: Increases up and to the left
Electron affinity: increases up and to the left
Electronegativity: increases up and to the left
Isotopes
Nomenclature
Review grade 10 material
Binary Compound
Metal (roman numeral of valence e of metal) non-metalide
cross over to know amount or charge of each element
Polyatomic ions
Salts
Acids
Ionic vs Covalent
Polarity
Ionic= 2.0 up
Polar= 0.4-1.9
non polar= 0.0-0.4
Molecular Shape
V
alence
S
hell
E
lectron
P
air
R
epulsion
A
=central atom
X
=# of ligands
E
=# of lone pairs
Linear AX2
Trigonal AX3 AX2E
Tetrahedral AX4 AX3E AX2E2
Gases
Stoichiometry
1) Balanced eqn
2) Convert all amounts to mol (solve for n)
3) Compare molar amounts using mol ratio (solve for unknown Ma)
4) Convert Ma to unit req using set conditions with Ideal Gas Law
Laws
Boyles law P1V1=P2V2
Charles Law V/T=V/T
Gay-Lussucs Law P/T=P/T
Combined Law PV/T=PV/T
Avogadro's Law n/V=n/V
Ideal Gas
PV=nRT
R=8.314x(kPa x L / mol x K)
STP= 101.325kPa= 0 C= 273.15K= 22.4 L/mol
SATP= 100.0kPa= 25 C= 298.15K= 24.8L/mol
kinetic molecular theory
Gas particles are in constant motion
indivduel gas molecules are considered point masses
Gas particles DO NOT ATTRACT OR REPEL each other
Gas particles interact through elastic collisions
Kinetic NRG is directly proportional to temperature
Chemical Reactions
Synthesis
A+B=AB
Ionic Compound (metal+non-metal)
Oxide (metal or nonmetal bonds with O2)
Base (Metal oxide+ OHr)
Acid (non-metal oxide+H2)
Single Displacement
AB+C=AC+B
Metal replaces metal and Non-metal replaces Non-Metal based on their solubility (use chart given)
Double Displacement
AB+CD=AD+CB
Neutralization- Acid+Base= Salt+Water
Formation of Precipitat
e
One Product aq other s
both aq then NR
Gas Formation
formation of an unstable product
H2CO3, NH4OH, or H2SO3 (break down with decomposition)
Combustion
Complete
Reactants are CO2+H2O
Incomplete
C+H20 or CO+H2O or CO+H2) or CO+C+H2O or CO2+CO+C+H2O
Decomposition
AB=A+B
Binary Compound form its elements
Metal Nitrates (NO3-N)2+O2)
Metal carbonate (metal Oxide + C)2)
Metal Hydroxide-Metal Oxide+H2O
Quantities in Chemical Rxns
The Mole
The Amount of a substance that contains as many atoms/molecules/formula units as exactly 12g of carbon-12
Symbol-mol
Avogadro's constant- 6.02x10^23
Molar Mass
1 mol= elements average atomic mass
Conversion factor (CF )
1 mol/g or g/1mol
6.02x10^23/1 mol or 1 mol/6.02x10^23
Percent Composition
(Mass of element/ Mass of compound)x100
Solutions
Concentration
Concentration: quantity of solute per unit quantity of solvent
Precent: m/v, m/m, or v/v
molar: C=n/v
Very small: ppm=(Solute m/ Solution)x10^6 m ppb=(solute m/solution m)x10^9
Concentrated: having a high ratio of solute to solvent
Dilute: Having a low ratio of solute to solvent
Titration
Quantitatively determine the concentration of unknown solution called titrand/analyte
Net Ionic Eqn
1) complete chemical eqn
2) write soluble ionic compounds as ions
3) leave insoluble ionic compounds as formula units
4) Write acids as formula units
HCl to H+ Cl-
HBr to H+ Br-
HI to H+ I-
H2SO4 to 2H+ SO4 2-
HClO4 to H+ ClO4 -
HNO3 to H+ NO3-
5) Cancel out Spectator ions
6) Balance charges
Proportions In Chemical Rxns
Mole Ratios
Required= Given x CF
Balanced equations coefficients indicates the number of moles of each chemical
Mass-Mass Ratios
1) write balanced eqn
2) m of G compound- mol of G compound
3) mol of G compound- mol of Req compound
4) mol of Req compound- mass of Required
Limiting Reactant & theoretical Yield
LR: reactant that limits product
ER: Reactant left over
Use mol ratio to find mol of product (the lowest value of product is the LR)
Percent Yield
[actual yield/theoretical yield]x100
Method of finding the efficiency of a reactant can be converted into a product in a given chemical rxn
Actual yeild: determined in lab
theoretical yield= determined with stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Always use a balanced equations
Concentration (C) is in mol/L
Volume (V) is in litres (L)
Eqn: C=n/V
use coefficients from balanced equation for mole ratio
