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Science Ecology topic B7 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Type 1 Forest=a large area dominated by tree
        
        Producer=large variety of herbs, some shrubs and scattered trees
        
        Primary consumer=rabbits and deer
        
        Secondary consumer=frogs, toads, sparrows, and woodpeckers
        
        Tertiary consumer=Hawks, jackals, leopards , lions, tigers, etc.
      - Type 2 Desert=any large, extremely dry area of land with sparse vegetation
        
        Producers=The devils claw flower, many types of cacti, and the baobab tree.
        
        Primary consumer=rabbits, camels, and kangaroo rats.
        
        Secondary consumer=snakes, spiders and raptors
        
        Tertiary consumer=sidewinder
      - Type 3 Artic Tundra=tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons.
        
        Producer=grass, moss, and lichens.
        
        Primary consumer=musk oxen, lemmings, caribou and arctic hares
        
        Secondary consumer=penguins, snowy owl, artic foxes
        
        Tertiary consumer=seals and whales
      - Type 4 marine=of or relating to the sea; existing in or produced by the sea
        
        Producer=Phytoplankton
        
        Primary consumer=zooplankton, small fish, mussels, sea urchins parrot fish and the large green sea turtle
        
        Secondary consumer=fish, coral, penguins, whales, and other species that eat the zooplankton.
        
        Tertiary consumer=sharks, killer whales, and leopard seals
- - - - Carbon Cycle Steps
      - Carbon in the Atmosphere
      - To become part of the carbon cycle, carbon atoms start out in a gaseous form. Carbon dioxide gas – CO2 – can be produced by inorganic processes, or by the metabolisms of living things.
      - Before Earth had life on it, carbon dioxide gas likely came from volcanic activity and asteroid impacts. Today, carbon is also released into the atmosphere through the activities of living things, such as the exhalations of animals, the actions of decomposer organisms, and the burning of wood and fossil fuels by humans.
      - However, carbon dioxide gets into the atmosphere, CO2 gas is the starting point of the carbon cycle.
      - The next step is…
      - Producers Absorb Carbon
        
        “Producers” – organisms that produce food from sunlight, such as plants – absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it to build sugars, lipids, proteins, and other essential building blocks of life.
      - For plants, CO2 is absorbed through pores in their leaves called “stomata.” Carbon dioxide enters the plant through the stomata and is incorporated into containing carbon compounds with the help of energy from sunlight. Plants and other producer organisms such as cyanobacteria are crucial to life on Earth because they can turn atmospheric carbon into living matter. Next…
      - Producers are Eaten
      - “Consumers” are organisms that eat other living things. Animals are the most visible type of consumer in our ecosystems, though many types of microbes also fall into this category.
      - Consumers incorporate carbon compounds from plants and other food sources when they eat them. They use some of these carbon compounds from food to build their own bodies – but much of the food they eat is broken down to release energy, in a process that is almost the reverse of what producers do.
      - While producers use energy from sunlight to make bonds between carbon atoms – animals break these bonds to release the energy they contain, ultimately turning sugars, lipids, and other carbon compounds into single-carbon units. These are ultimately released into the atmosphere in the form of CO2.
      - But, what about the carbon compounds that do not get eaten, or broken down by animals?
      - Decomposers Release Carbon
      - Plants and animals that die without being eaten by other animals are broken down by other organisms, called “decomposers.” Decomposers include many bacteria and some fungi. They usually only break down matter that is already dead, rather than catching and eating a living animal or plant.
      - Just like animals, decomposers break down the chemical bonds in their food molecules. They create many chemical products, including in some cases CO2.
      - Human Activities
      - Recently, humans have made some big changes to the Earth’s carbon cycle. By burning huge amounts of fossil fuels and cutting down roughly half of the Earth’s forests, humans have decreased the Earth’s ability to take carbon out of the atmosphere, while releasing large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere that had been stored in solid form as plant matter and fossil fuels.
      - This means more carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere – which is particularly dangerous since carbon dioxide is a “greenhouse gas” that plays a role in regulating the Earth’s temperature and weather patterns.
      - The scientific community has raised alarms that by making significant changes to the Earth’s carbon cycle, we may end up changing our climate or other important aspects of the ecosystem we rely upon to survive. As a result, many scientists advocate decreasing the amount of carbon burned by humans by reducing car use and electricity consumption, and advocate for investing in non-burning sources of energy such as solar power and wind power.
- - - - 1)EVAPOURATION:Evaporation takes place when water changes from its liquid state to vapor or gaseous state. A substantial heat amount is exchanged during the process, roughly 600 calories of energy per gram of water. In most cases, the solar radiation, and additional causes such as the wind, vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, and air temperature influence the amount of natural evaporation in different geographical regions
      - 2)CONDENSATION Condensation is the process whereby the water vapor changes from its gaseous physical state to liquid or crystal solid. The water vapor condenses on minute air particles due to the cooling of the air, freezing temperatures, or increased vapor amounts to the point of saturation in the upper stratospheres.
      - 3)PRECIPITATIONPrecipitation takes place whenever any or all forms of water particles fall from the atmosphere and reach the earth surface. Precipitation occurs when the liquid or solid particles in the clouds, dew, and fog drops to the ground because of frictional drag and gravity.
      - 4)RUNOFF: Runoff is the occurrence of excess water from watershed or drainage basin that flows on the surface. The flow is as a result of precipitation above waterways, groundwater runoff from deep percolations, subsurface runoff that infiltrates the surface soils, and surface runoff that flows on the land surface. As the water flows, it can be used for agricultural and domestic purposes, it may seep into the ground, stored in reservoirs or water bodies, or evaporate into the atmosphere.
      - 9)STORAGEStorage refers to the various water reservoirs in the planetary water or hydrological cycle. The water is primarily stored in the atmosphere, the surface of the earth, and in the ground.