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Naturalism- Ethical naturalists are absolutists- moral evil and goodness…

- - - - There is a life cycle consisting of self maintenance and reproduction
      - Self maintenance and reproduction can be achieved differently in each species. This depends on how they feel themselves, their development and how they reproduce
      - From this, certain norms can then be deduced- such as the swiftness of a deer or the night vision of an owl.
      - Upon applying these norms to individual members of the species, members can be judged to be effective or defective.An owl with poor night vision is a defective owl
      - Then says that there is no difference between saying a living thing has ‘good roots’ and saying that a human being has ‘good dispositions of will’. Uses the example of an oak tree, in which we would comment that its roots would be ‘good’ if they were long and deep as they would keep the tree upright. Their roots would be bad if they were weak and spindly. Therefore oaks need to have strong and long roots- if they do not there is something wrong with them.