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Animals chapter 4, getting around, Plants, Organ system of animals -…

- - - - similar cells doing the same job
    - - a group of tissues that work together
    - - A group of organs that work together
  - - - filter organic matter from the water around them
    - - eat only plants
    - - eat only animals
    - - eat only dead animals
    - - steal substance from other organisms from living in or on them
  - - - carnivore
        
        Sharp teeth
      - Herbivore
        
        flat teeth
      - Omnivore
        
        Both
    - - Carnivores
        
        Sharp claws, fangs, speed, quiet stalking
      - Herbivores
        
        herding, body type for growing
    - - hard shells, spiny skis, playing dead, stinky scents, speed, warning collars, mimic camouflage
  - - - carries out many chemical reactions
    - - energy and nutrients
    - - cellular respiration
  - - - phlogenetic tree
      - show how they are related to other animals
      - body structure
      - the way the animal develops
      - its DNA
    - - shows the order in which traits evolved
      - shows the traits each organism has
      - organisms that are closer together are more related to each other
- - - - Osculum
        
        where water flows out
      - Inner cells with flagella create currents
      - currents cause water to flow into pores and out of osculum
      - Porifera
      - spicules strengthen the walls of sponges
    - - when an organism grows of the side and becomes its own organism
  - - - Medusa
        
        Head and tentacles flowing down
      - Polyp attached to surface tentacles flowing up
  - - - flat, soft bodies
      - Tube like digestive system one opening
      - Some have eye spots
    - - cylinder shaped body
      - two openings in digestive system
    - - linked sections segmented
      - simplest animal with brains
  - - - mantle
        
        covers internal organs
      - muscular foot
        
        to move
      - gill
        
        for oxygen
    - - stomach footed
      - single shell or no shell
      - a distinct head
      - e.g snails, slugs and sea hare
    - - two shelled mollusks
      - 2 shells held together by hinges
      - simple nervous system
      - e.g clams, oysters, scallops, mollusks
    - - heat footed
      - large eyes, excellent vision
      - Most complex nervous system of and invertebrate
      - live in ocean
      - swim by jet propulsion
      - some have shells some don't
      - nautiluses
        
        external shell
      - octopus
        
        no shell
      - squid
        
        small shell within bodies
  - - - first land animals
      - hard external skeleton
      - well developed segmented body
      - Appendages
      - types of arthropods
        
        crustaceans
        
        crabs, lobsters
        
        arachnids
        
        spiders
        
        centipedes
        
        Milipedes
        
        Insects
  - - - fluid filled tubes
- - - - jawless fish
        
        earliest vertebrate
        
        no scales
        
        no jaws but structures for scrapping, stabbing and sucking
      - cartilaginous fish
        
        skeletons made of cartilage
        
        have jaws
        
        have pointed toothlike scales
      - Bony fish
        
        hard bone
        
        have jaws, scales, gill covers
  - - - on land, returning to water to lay eggs and reproduce
    - - 1)legless tadpole
      - 2)hind legs grow skeleton, circulatory system, digestive system
      - 3)front legs grow, gill disappears, breath with lungs
      - 4) tail disappears
  - - - thick waterproof skin
      - have kidneys that conserve water
      - babies that develop inside a soft shelled egg
  - - - have wings
      - have feathers
      - have light weight hollow bones
      - large chest muscles
  - - - incisors
        
        to bite and cut food
      - carnivores
        
        pointed teeth that stab food and tear into it
      - pre-molars and motors
        
        for grinding and shredding food
    - - lay eggs
      - e.g platypus, spiny anteaters
    - - born at an early stage of development
      - continue to develop in a pouch of the mothers baby
    - - develop inside the mothers body until body system can function independently
- - - - a flexible rod that supports the animals back
    - - becomes spinal cord
    - - becomes gills in fish disappears in humans
  - - - supports and protects the body, helps give it shape and gives muscle a place to attach
- - - - millions of spikes that help sponge body move
  - - - lengthen the body
    - - shorten the body
  - - - skeletons are made of calcium
    - - skeletons made of chitin
    - - protection
      - a surface for muscle attachment
      - watertight protection against drying
      - a sense organ to interact with the environment
    - - process of shedding outgrown exoskeleton
  - - - skeleton is made of plates that contain calcium
    - - skeleton made of cartilage
  - - - skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone
    - - jawed fish with cartilaginous bone
    - - hard bones
      - gill covers
  - - - made up of multiple vertebra
      - jointed and flexible
      - protect the nerve cord
    - - ball and socket joint
      - hinge joint
      - gliding joint
      - pivot joint
    - - flexible and highly specialised
      - mouthparts
        
        crushing food
      - antennae
        
        on head, sense
      - walking legs
      - claws
      - wings
- - - - a signal that causes an animal to react in some way
    - - an animals reaction to a stimulus
  - - - information that travels along an electrical wire in a nerve cell
    - - nerve cells that can detect stimuli
      - olfactory sensory neuron activated by odor
      - photoreceptor neuron converts light into signals
      - taste receptors interact with food
      - thermoreceptors react to temperature
      - mechanoreceptors respond to varying forces
      - auditory neuron recieven signals from hair
    - - nerve cells that pass info between neutrons
    - - nerve cells that carry response info to muscles and organs
    - - long and insulated
  - - - no nervous system
    - - a nerve net
      - the simplest nerve system
      - no specialised neurons
      - stimulus sent in all directions
      - e.g cnidarians
    - - planarrian
        
        nerve cords formed from interneurons
      - two cerebral ganglia in head
      - two eye spots sensitive to light
      - odor bells on head
    - - have brains
      - annelids
        
        simplest animal to have brain
        
        sense organs in head
        
        sensitive to light and touch
      - mollusks
        
        large eyes excellent vision
        
        a large brain
      - birds
        
        very quick reactions
        
        well developed brain
        
        controlled flying
        
        good sense of sight and hearing
  - - - an organised group of neutrons in the head of an animal with bilateral symmetry
      - Receives info
      - interprets info
      - controls response
    - - eyes
        
        compound eye
        
        multiple units called Ammatidium
        
        lens can not adjust
        
        simple eyes
        
        one main unit
        
        iris muscle is used to adjust the amount of light
      - colours and acuity
        
        photoreceptors determine what colours eyes can detect
        
        the ability to see color in animal is rare
        
        bees see no color
- - - - circular muscles and longitudinal muscules contract n relax
      - bristles allow it to grab
      - hydroskeleton
  - - - 1)streamlined bodies
      - 2)appendages for swimming
      - 3)fins
        
        enable fish to swim and provides balance
        
        pectoral fins are used for gliding in flying fish
        
        frogfish use pectoral fish for crawling
        
        frogfish use pectoral fins to stun prey
        
        thresher sharks use pectoral fins to stun prey
        
        reef stonefish have spines in their dorsal fins
        
        anglerfish use the first spine of their dorsal fin like a fishing rod to lure prey
        
        trigger fish use fins and their spine to lock them in place
      - 4) muscles
        
        have alternately contracting paired sets of muscle on either sides of the backbone
      - 5)lateral line
        
        detect movement in water
        
        sense the movement of other organisms
      - 6)webbed feet
        
        push through water
        
        bullfrog
      - 7)water vascular system
        
        a system of fluid filled tubes
        
        tube feet on the underside of arms
        
        portions of tubes can contract and squeeze water into tube feet
        
        crawl on the bottom of the ocean
      - 8)jet propulsion
        
        draw water into mantle cavity
        
        force the water out through a siphon
        
        water leaving the body propells it in the opposite direction
    - - 1)body muscules
        
        bands of muscles connect to ribs and backbone
        
        alternate contractions of muscles right and left
        
        snakes
        
        slithering side to side motion
      - 2) long arms
        
        swings from place to place
        
        backbone bends forward and backward and side to side
        
        variations in the bones and muscles found in the limbs allow mammals to move in diffrent ways
      - 3)long legs and two toes(ostrich)
      - 4)muscular legs
        
        enable it to push off a surface
      - 5)foot and mucus
        
        contracts the muscular foot
      - 6)jointed appendages
        
        muscles contract to pull on the exoskeleton
        
        at each body joint muscles will either flex or extend
        
        centipede
        
        1 pair of leg per segment
        
        millipede
        
        2 pairs of segement
    - - 1)paired wings
      - 2)wings for hovering
      - 3)short, round wings
        
        take off rapidly
      - 4)front and hind wings
      - skin and bones
        
        skin stretched over bats finger and toes
        
        hollow bones
      - 6)large chest muscule
        
        power the upwards and downwards wing strokes
      - 7)feathers
        
        provide lift to fly very high
        
        large surface area of feathers help the hawk to soar
        
        contour feathers
        
        large feathers
        
        give birds shape and allow it to fly
        
        flight feathers
        
        extend beyond the body and wings and tail
        
        preening
        
        when a bird smooths its ruffled feathers
        
        down feathers
        
        keep warm
        
        soft and flexible
- - - - A leaf like structure that protects developing flowers
      - Usually green
      - Hold developing flower inside
    - - Leaf like structure that are generally the most beautiful part
      - Attract insects
    - - Male structure of the flower
      - Anther
        
        The part that contains the pollen
      - Filament
        
        The long structure
    - - Female part of the flower
      - Stigma
        
        very sticky so grain can stick
      - Style
        
        so pollen can travel down the tube
      - Ovary
        
        where the eggs are stored
  - - - Takes place after pollination
- - - - a cell containing one type of chromosomes
    - - A cell containing two sets of chromosomes
  - - - Plants complete a life cycle within one growing season
    - - plants complete life cycle in two years
    - - plants live for more than two years
- - - - not involving flowers, pollination or seed
      - faster than sexual reproduction
      - reproducing unfavorable traits
    - - cutting the stem and attaching to another related plant species
  - - - Pollen moves from the male part to the female
      - Transported by wind or small animals
    - - Zygote is formed
      - Pollen will stick to stigma and then move down the pollen tube
    - - Zygote becomes the embryo of the seed
      - Ovule develops into the seed
      - Ovary develops into the fruit