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Social Inequalities - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Person's sense of self
      - Personal (individual) identity
        
        Individual attributes and characteristics
      - Social (group) identity
        
        Attributes and characteristics of social groups
    - - Shared identity based on cultural heritage
      - Common ancestry, language, religion
      - Distinct social identity and culture
      - Can be modified
      - Not necessarily visible
    - - Socially constructed category, same biologic traits
      - Based on physical characteristics
      - Ranks people in hierarchy
      - Shapes access to societal resources
      - Assume think and act differently based on this
      - Impact of separation (superior vs. inferior)
      - History of "Race"
        
        Explain human difference
        
        Justify control and inequality
        
        Scientific racism
      - Validity of "Race"
        
        Cannot be neatly defined
        
        Is contested
        
        Scientifically meaningless, socially relevant
        
        Genetically all humans are identical
      - The Thomas Theorem
        W.I. Thomas & D.S. Thomas (1928)
        
        Act if race is real, has real consequences
        
        Affects opportunities, identity, experiences
      - Racialization
        
        Process which people viewed and judged as different based on physical or culture
        
        Racialized groups
        
        Experience race as key factor in identity and inequality
        
        Individual and social identity
        
        Master status
        Everett Hughes
        
        Whiteness normalized and rendered invisible
        e.g. terrorist attack; race not mention if white
      - Racial Oppression
        
        Interpersonal
        (individual level)
        
        Overt
        
        Openly displayed
        
        Covert
        
        Not as obvious
        
        Systematic
        (institutional level)
        
        e.g. family, education, work, law, etc.
    - - Reserve system under federal control
      - Pass system
        
        Needed permission to enter or exit from Indian agent
      - Banned cultural practices
      - Denied basic citizenship rights
      - Residential schools mandatory
    - - Racism downplayed or ignored in country history
        
        Overstate contribution of White people, Western Europeans
        
        Existence and contributions by racialized groups, omitted from Canadian history
    - - Small community, self sustaining, did not receive fundamental resources
    - - Stopping one race more than another
    - - Racialized disease
    - - Systematically exclude people
  - - - Inequality beneficial for society
      - Positions vary importance and difficulty
        e.g. doctor; years of experience
      - Functionally important position, largest rewards
      - Egalitarian societies, little incentive
        e.g. McDonald's vs. doctor
      - Hard work pays off
        e.g. CEO pay
    - - Inequality rooted in people's unequal access
        i.e. bourgeoisie vs. proletariat
      - Capitalism works in favour of capitalist
        Using power to influence organization of society
        e.g. Loblaws min wage $14 to $15
      - Socially grounded world view
        e.g. myth of scarcity, individualism, competition, myth of equal competition
      - False class consciousness
        
        Working together as a class to advance, thinks in best interest
      - Max Weber Critique
        
        Society different economic classes
        
        Not just about money, about opportunities
        e.g. interplay between wealth, prestige, power
    - - Consumption as communication
        e.g. income, social class
      - Consumption carry social meanings
      - Class shapes and expressed through consumption
      - The Theory of the Leisure Class
        Thorstein Veblen (1899)
        
        Conspicuous consumption
        
        Purchase and use of items and services to show wealth and social status
        
        Status symbols
        e.g. houses, cars, suits
        
        Pecuniary emulation
        
        Lower class copying expensive habits of wealth
        e.g. loans for cars, credit cards, education via loans
      - Class and Consumption
        Pierre Bourdieu
        
        Social capital
        
        Connection with others with money
        
        Economic capital
        
        Engaging in high culture
        
        Cultural capital
        
        Speak, dress, attending events
        
        Habitus
        
        Taste of doing things in certain way
        e.g. school attend, events, sports, growing with high culture
    - - Average family spending
      - Problems
        
        Near poverty
        
        Depth of poverty
        
        Duration of poverty spells
        
        Intergenerational poverty
    - - Why
        
        Flaw in society structure
        
        Individual choices
      - Who
        
        Age
        e.g. children, elderly
        
        Poor families more children
        
        Racialized
        e.g. indigenous people, immigrants, minoirites
        
        Feminized
        
        Family
        e.g. single, lone parents
        
        LGBTQ2S+
        
        Homophobia
        
        Disabilities
        e.g. insufficient benefit levels
        
        Regional variations
      - Consequences
        
        Neighbourhood
        
        Reflection of resources (segregation of neighbourhoods)
        e.g. school, activities, people
        
        Housing and energy insecurity
        
        Spending more than 30% disposable income on housing
        
        Transportation
        
        Food insecurity
        
        Relying on food banks, eating less
        
        Education
        
        Different types, impact life chances
  - - - Anatomical or biological characteristics of women and men
      - Ascribed status, assigned by medical professional
    - - Roles and characteristics assigned to women and men
      - Gender roles
        
        Socially constructed, associated being male/female
      - Gender identity
        
        Being male, female, both, neither
      - Gender expression
        
        Dress, talk, communicate, external ways
    - - Heterosexual
        
        Compulsory heterosexuality
      - Romantic, emotional, sexual attractions one experiences
      - Hereronormativity
        
        Socially constructed, interaction and institutions, natural and normal
      - Hereosexism
        
        Assumed to be norm, must explain oneself if not
    - - Irrational fear, dislike, intolerance, ignorance toward marginalization of non-heterosexuals
      - Gender conforming, assert themselves as heterosexual
    - - Practices or beliefs in patriarchal culture, show contempt for women
        
        Patriarchy
        
        Social system, men hold political, cultural, social power
      - Gender socialization in media
    - - Unequal distribution of wealth, power, privilege between men and women
    - - Generally more women in University
      - Men steer away from lower paying jobs
      - Fewer women as go up hierarchy
    - - Gendered educational tracks
        
        Gendered occupations
        
        Feminization of occupations
        
        Finance, insurance, real estate, leasing/rental
        
        Educational services
        
        Accommodation and food services
        
        Health care, social assistance
        
        Status and pay declined when education became women dominated
    - - Unionization
        
        Less representation for women
      - Work patterns
        
        More likely to take part time job
      - Reproductive rights
        
        Taking time off work
    - - Immigrants highly educated
- - - - Idealized middle class families
        
        Progressively evolved over time
    - - Marriage rate decreasing, cohabitation increasing
      - Age of first marriage rising
      - Age of women giving birth, rising
      - Number of children per family dropped below replacement rate
      - Rise in divorce rate
      - Number of lone-parent families, increasing
      - More people living alone
      - Children leaving home at later age
        
        Cluttered nest
        
        Children leaving home later in life
        
        Sandwich generation
        
        Taking care of both aging parents and children
      - Boomerang children
        
        Children who initially leave home, but return
        e.g. school
    - - Importance of nuclear family
        
        Excludes same-sex couples, couples no children, lone parents, extended families
      - Emphasis on procreation and socialization
      - Gendered division of labour
      - Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)
        
        2 key functions
        
        Production
        
        Reproduction
        
        2 systems
        
        2 key roles
        
        Instrumental
        
        Rationality, autonomy, competitiveness
        (typically associated with men)
        
        Expressive
        
        Nurturing, caring, attentive
        (typically associated with women)
        
        Occupation
        
        Kinship
        
        Change will bring instability
      - Stable families = stable society
    - - Families in political-economic context
        
        Femininity defined as good homemaker
        
        Masculinity defined as good economic provider
      - Power differentials
        
        Women unpaid work at home, undermines power, creates (age-based) inequality
        
        Children subordinate, elders not contributing
      - Dorothy Smith
        
        Women's unpaid labour makes men economic activities possible
        e.g. food, clothes
    - - "Family" social construct
      - Family relations constant, interactive negotiations by shared meanings
      - Critical examination of family "myths"
        
        Traditional family
        
        Deviant do not fit in traditional
        e.g. lone parents, divorces, same-sex couples
        
        Family values
      - Moral entrepreneurs, claims, moral panics
    - - Age of consent
      - Age of marriage
      - Incest regulation
      - Prescribed monogamy
        
        Monogamy
        
        Marriage between two partners
        
        Polygamy
        
        Marriage that unites three or more people
        
        Polygyny
        
        One man to many women
        
        Polyandry
        
        One women to many men
      - Polyammory
        
        Maintaining multiple intimate relationships
      - Endogamy in multicultural contexts
        
        Same social category
        
        Exogamy
        
        Different social category
        
        Rare immigrant + Canadian partners
        
        People are homogenous
      - Regulating reproduction
        
        Family friendly policies
        
        Contraception
        
        Abortions
        
        Eugenics
        e.g. Alberta's Sexual Sterilization Act
        
        Forced sterilization
        e.g. Indigenous women
      - Immigration polices
      - Assimilation policies
        
        Residential schools
        
        60's scoop
        
        Indigenous children taken away from families
        
        Millennium scoop
        
        Poorly regulated foster care
    - - Cycle of teaching and learning
      - Residential schools changed relationship
        
        Cruel treatment, destroy culture
  - - - Higher employability
      - Higher labour force participation
      - Higher earnings
      - Fewer labour disruptions
      - Societal gains
        e.g. prestige
      - Personal enrichment
    - - Provide basic skills and specialized knowledge
        
        Social cohesion and stability
        
        Division of labour, prepare members of society
      - Socialization
        
        Homogenization
        e.g. spelling bees; competition, value of success
        e.g. schedule, prep for work, listen to authority, learn routine
        
        Social placement
        
        Testing selection mechanism, sort students
      - Credentialism
        
        Official institution is legitimate
    - - Conflict over curriculum
        
        Level playing field, equal opportunities
      - Dominant class influence education
        e.g. sex ed; tradition vs. religion
      - The Hegemonic Curriculum
        Raewyn Connell (2019)
        
        Hegemony (Gransci)
        
        Dominant culture has cultural power
        
        Formal and hidden curriculum maintain status quo
        e.g. Enbridge
      - Access without mobility
      - Credentialism
        
        Problematic, disadvantages cultures where knowledge passed down orally
        e.g. Indigenous people
        
        Only certain credentials accepted
        e.g. immigrant credentials not recognized
      - Education social reproduction
        
        Reflect reinforce, reproduce social inequalities
        
        Hierarchy of superiority
        e.g. MRU vs. UofC
    - - Parental income big predictor of who gets educated
      - Harvard University
        
        Mostly privileged white people, connection based
    - - Direct
        e.g. cost (tuition, books, cost of living)
      - Indirect
        e.g. expectations, preparation and support, tracking
        
        Tracking
        
        Different education trajectories due to class, gender, race
        
        Geography
        
        Attract different teachers, program funding
        
        Language barriers
        
        Excludes Francophone students, Indigenous, immigrants
        
        Digital divide
        
        Cultural and social capital
        
        Unwelcoming classroom
        
        Hostile environments and chilly climates
    - - Cycle of:
        lower income
        lower school readiness
        lower educational streams
        fewer employable skills
        fewer employment opportunities
    - - Funding claw backs
        
        Budget cuts from gov
        
        Corporatization
        
        Public funding to corporate funding
        e.g. funded by company, education influenced
        
        Tuition increases
        
        Increasing student debt
        
        Shift to online courses
        
        Cost effective, generates revenue
      - Education as commodity
      - Banking model of education
        
        Students become experts at exam taking, not content
      - Plagiarism ("cheat to compete")
      - Attrition
        
        Competing demands, drop out of school; good grades over education
      - Grade inflation
        
        Neglecting other evaluations
      - Degree inflation ("defensive credentialing")
        
        More graduates than jobs
      - Unemployment and underemployment
        
        Harder to transition if specialization becomes obsolete
        
        Education prepares for jobs of the past
  - - - Well-being one realizes own potential and cope norm stresses of life
    - - Larger social factors shape lives
      - Class
        
        Opportunities given due to social class
      - Global health inequality
        
        Wealth matters, but inequality determines more
      - Education
        
        Relates to social class and income
        Understanding information
        Belief can change things
      - Race and ethnicity
        
        Racism, discrimination creates unequal conditions
      - Gender
        
        Gender socialization
        Boys more aggressive, die from accidents
        Women old age health problems
      - Obesity
        
        Happens in some countries
        Social class, age
    - - Universality
      - Accessibility
      - Portability
      - Comprehensive coverage
      - Public administration
    - - Decisions, actions undertaken to achieve health care goals
    - - Mental or physical condition limits daily activities
      - Ableism
        
        Discrimination against people with disabilities
    - - Certain role that one should take when sick
        e.g. taking off work