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Anathomy and Physiology, 3 main types - Coggle Diagram
Anathomy and Physiology
Skeletal system
Types of bones
Flat
Sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skull bones.
Thin, flat & often curved.
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Long
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Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Definition
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. An adult body is made up of 206 individual bones.
Cartilage
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Types.
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Fibrocartilage
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Found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis.
Hyaline Cartilages
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Found in articular, costal, respiratory and nasal cartillages.
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Structure
Microscopic
Compact bone
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Haversian, or central canal
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Cellular
Long bone
Compact bone
White, and solid appearance.
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Projections
Where muscles, tendons and ligaments attach.
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Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of bone
Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular surface
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Spine – sharp, slender projection
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Depression and Openings
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Fossa – shallow, basinlike depression
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Fissure – narrow, slitlike opening
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Bone markings
Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
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Bone fractures
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Repair
Injury – broken blood vessels, hematoma
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Other injuries
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Dislocations
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Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
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Integumentary system.
Definition
Composed of skin, nails, hair and glands
Functions: protects against injury and infection, regalutes body temperature, sensory perception, regulates water loss and chemical synthesis
Hair
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3 main types of body hair are terminal hair, lanugo, and vellus hair.
Terminal hair
Terminal hairs are thick, coarse hairs that grow during puberty.
Vellus hair
Vellus hair is short, fine downy hair found all over the body except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is thinner than lanugo.
Lanugo
Lanugo, colloquially referred to as "peach fuzz", is very fine, soft hair often found on infants. If lanugo grows on the body of an adult, it is typically a sign of anorexia nervosa.
Protection
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Chemical barriers
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Skin secretions such as sebum, human defensis, acid mantle of the skin retards bacteria or kills them
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Biological barriers
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Dermal macrophages (2nd line of defense) – attack bacteria and viruses that have penetrated the
epidermis
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Largenhans’ cells, macrophages, and DNA
Skin
Epidermis
Types of cells
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Merkel cells
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Along with tactile discs, they function in
sensation of touch
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Layers
Stratum granulosum
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Marks the transition between deeper metabolically active strata and the dead cells of
the superficial strata.
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Stratum spinosum
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Cells have spinelike projections (bundles of
filaments of the cytoskeleton) tightly joins cells
to each other.
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Stratum lucidum
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3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
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Stratum corneum
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Serves as a water, microbe, injury barrier
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Types
Thick (hairless) skin - covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles. More skin receptors and sudoriferous glands and fewer sebaceous glands. Skin ridges (e.g., fingerprints) are found due to well-developed dermal papillae. Skin ridges aid in grip and object manipulation.
Thin (hairy) skin - covers all body regions except the palms, palmar surface of digits, and soles of the feet. Usually 1-2 mm thick. Thin skin has fewer skin receptors and sudoriferous glands and more sebaceous glands.
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Dermis
What it is
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Blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles are embedded
here
2 layers
Papillary layer
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Surface area is increased due to projections called dermal papillae which
contains capillaries or tactile receptors
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Reticular layer
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Contains hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous and
sudoriferous glands
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Subcutaneous
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Composed of areolar/adipose connective tissues that anchors skin to the underlying structures -mostly muscles - and insulates/absorbs shock
What it is
The integument covers the entire body and is the largest organ ~ 2 meters and heaviest organ
16% of body mass of the body
Nails
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Main parts
hyponychium, eponychium (the cuticle), nail matrix, lunula, nail plate, nail root, free margin, and the paronychium.
Glands
Produce oil, and sudoriferous glands, which produce sweat.
There are more sebaceous glands and less sudoriferous glands in thin skin. In thick skin, there are more sudoriferous glands and less sebaceous glands.
Apocrine Glands
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located in the ear canal, around the eyes and nose, under the arms, on the areola of the breasts, and in the pubic regions
Mammary (milk) glands are one type of modified apocrine gland. Earwax, or cerumen, is secreted by ceruminous glands, the other type of modified apocrine gland.
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Sebaceous Glands
Secrete sebum, an oily substance which lubricates hair and skin.
Located in the dermis layer and are generally connected to hair follicles, except for in hairless areas such as the eyelids.
Present everywhere except for areas with thick skin, i.e. the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
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Eccrine Glands
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Produce sweat secretion, made of water and sodium chloride
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