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Bone Health - Coggle Diagram

- - - - essential in the synthesis of fibrin forming a blood clot
    - - DASH diet decreases hypertension
  - - - factors affecting risk
        
        genetics/race: African Americans at greater risk
        
        physical activity: weight bearing exercise benefits bone
        
        body weight: under weight women at greater risk
        
        smoking & alcohol: both toxic to bone
        
        low intake of calcium and fluoride during childhood
        
        excess intake of sodium, caffeine, and protein
  - - - enhanced absorption
        
        mostly absorbed in the duodenum
        
        lactose enhances calcium absorption
        
        increased demand for absorption increases % absorbed
        
        transcellular absorption dependent upon
        active vitamin D present in intestinal cells
      - decreased absorption
        
        food constituents, supplement use,
        menopause, old age
- - - - (plant) phylloquinone
      - (animal) menaquinone
  - - - activate osteocalcin (help mineralize Calcium and build bone)
  - - - needed for protein synthesis of fibrin clot (needed in earlier process than Ca and thromboplastin)
  - - - infats
        
        due to
        
        sterile gut (no bacterial synthesis)
        
        low level in breast milk
        
        low level of gut bacterial after a few weeks
        
        treatment
        
        a dose (oral or IM) after birth
        
        takes a few weeks to establish bacterial synthesis
      - Adults (rare)
        
        due to
        
        antibiotic use (usually)
        
        fat malabsorption conditions (Crohn's, AIDs etc.)
        
        excessive intakes of vitamin E(impair the role in blood clotting)
  - - - bacterial synthesis (in large intestine)
        
        antibiotic use increase dietary need
    - - diet
        
        plant foods
        
        leafy green vegetables (spinach, kale, asparagus etc.)
        
        avocado
        
        cabbage
        
        cauliflower
        
        animal food
        
        liver
        
        egg
        
        milk
- - - - intestines - increases calcium absorption
      - bone - activates osteoclast cells to release calcium from bone to blood
      - kidneys - decrease calcium excretion in urine
  - - - exogenous sources are also in inactive form
        
        Pre-vitamin D3 is hyroxylated in the liver and then the kidneys to become active = calcitriol
        
        transported to cells for use
    - - incorporated into chylomicrons
        
        travelled throught the lymphatic system
        
        into the blood
  - - - improper mineralization and shaping of bones
      - bowed legs
      - breast milk low in Vit D and low dietary intake with little exposure to the sun can cause rickets
    - - soft bones
        
        weakness, increasing lower back pain and leg pain
      - osteoid (protein matrix which minerals are deposited to form bone) is not mineralized properly
      - caused by kidney, liver, and intestinal diseases, low intake of vit D, or little sun exposure
      - treated with increased dietary intake or exposure to sun
  - - - hypercalcemia
        
        high blood calcium levels
        
        calcium deposits into soft tissue causing irreversible damage to organs
- - - - calcium balance (indirectly)
        
        required for
        
        action of vitamin D
        
        parathyroid hormone synthesis
      - component of mineral crystal structure (can replace calcium in hydroxyapatite)
      - hold Calcium in teeth (reduce dental caries)
    - - stabilize Phosphate groups in ATP
      - needed in lots of (>300) enzymes systems
      - neural transmission (regulate neurotransmitter activity) and muscle contraction (inhibit by blocking calcium ion channel)
      - inhibit blood clotting (ion antagonist to calcium)
    - - vasodilator (protects against high blood pressure)
  - - - heavy perspiration over a period of time
      - prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, use of diuretics
      - renal disease, alcoholism
    - - irregular heart beat
      - weakness, disorientation, irritability
      - hypertension
      - tetany at extreme low level
  - - - milk, yogurt
      - halibut
    - - green leafy vegetables (spinach, broccoli)
      - whole grains
      - legumes, tofu
      - nuts, seeds
- - - - 20th week of pregnancy for baby teeth formation
      - 3 - 4 y.o. for permanent teeth
      - 8 - 10 y.o. for wisdom teeth
- - - - muscles are attached to bones by tendons
      - jaw bone and teeth allow you to chew food
    - - organs are protected eg. ribcage or skull
    - - RBC, WBC and platelets manufactured in bone marrow
  - - - ivory like
      - very dense and strong
      - 80% of skeleton
    - - not as dense
      - sensative to hormones that regulate blood Calcium levels
      - 20% of skeleton