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Paradigm (A position or view of understanding the world we live in) -…
Paradigm
(A position or view of understanding the world we live in)
Critical (emancipatory, post-positivist )
Qualitative methods to examine phenomena of interest
Methodology: Feminist research, action research, critical ethnology etc
Use research methods operating within a social-change context
Free from the limitations of tradition
Encourage empowerment and equality for research participants and to challenge and change social structures
Contributions
Exposes oppression through understanding shared meanings of political, social, historical and cultural practices that impede equal participation
Theory and practice closely linked. Research goes beyond description towards action to change inequities
Ensures representation of diverse and under-represented views
Practitioners can develop tacit knowledge from practice via criticism and reflection
Research process characterized by continual redefinition of problems and by cooperative interaction between researchers and those whose environment is being researched
Limitations
Emphasizes rationality while excluding feelings despite the emancipatory potential of feelings
If researchers know ahead of time that social action is needed, then do not need research to justify this
Practitioners may not see themselves as researchers or theorists and practice as data
Focus on problems defined by oppressed groups and collective humanity. May exclude the individual and personal level. Some research team members may have more power than others
Postivism (reductionist, empirical)
Emphasises the rational and scientific
Determinism (reductionism)
Quantitative research approaches
Methodology: Experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational etc
Data collection: Experiments, closed surveys and interviews
Origin: Search for truth in an objective, controlled manner
Deductive reasoning
Labels attached to this paradigm, such as ‘proper’, ‘realist’ ‘hard’ and ‘scientific’
Limitations
Context stripping limits application to practice
Explanation as well as description and prediction needed to guide nursing intervention
‘Value free’ observations impossible as observations based on perception, a function of prior knowledge and experience
Contributions
Generalizability of findings beyond a particular sample
Produces description and prediction
Objectivity enhances credibility
Attempts to discover universal truth through verification
Interpretive (naturalistic, post-positivist, constructivist)
Aim to describe, explore and generate meaning within a social or practice context
Inductive reasoning
Qualitative research approaches
Methodology: Phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, exploratory/descriptive, case study, historical, Delphi
Origins : Search for meaning; interactive approach
Beliefs: Complex beings who attribute unique meanings to situations
Focus: Complex and broad
Setting: Occurs in uncontrolled naturalistic (social or human) settings
Purpose: Develops theory by exploring meaning and describing relationships
Sample: People in the sample are referred to as participants or, in ethnographic studies, informants
Researcher position: An active and interactive participant, immersed in the setting
Data elements: Written form (words)
Analyses: Interpretive analysis usually undertaken manually
Cotributions
Focus is subjectivity and intersubjectivity
Truth viewed as multiple realities that are holistic, local, and specific
Seeks understanding, shared meaning, and embedded meaning
Meaning is constructed in the researcher–participant interaction in the natural environment
Limitations
May ignore ecological, historical, and risk factors
Loss of objectivity limits ability to discriminate patterns that are fundamental to humans
Less explanatory power as infinite number of interpretations are possible for a given phenomenon
Theorizing limited because the human state is not objectified outside of the lived experience and present
Discomfort with the uncertainty of the ever-changing nature of knowledge
Characterised
Ontology
The study of existence
What is the nature of reality?’
Epistemology
The study of the search for knowledge and truth
What is the relationship between the researcher and the area of study?
Methodology
Provides a framework (process) for conducting the study
How do we know the world, or gain knowledge of it?
Nursing paradigm elements
Person
the recipient of nursing care
individual patients
groups
families
communities.
Health
the best possible care based on the patient’s level of health and health care needs at the time of care delivery
Environment/situation
all possible conditions affecting patients and the settings in which their health care needs occur
Nursing
diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems