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Ecology of The Peer Group - Coggle Diagram
Ecology of The Peer Group
The peer group is a considered a micro system because it comprises relationships, roles, and activities.
The chronosystem influences the peer group over time in that play/activities have cognitive, social, psychological, and adaptive functions for adult life.
From an outward standpoint, the peer group appears to be made up of equals.
But from an inward stand point, the dynamics of the peer group reveal that some members are more equal than others.
Experiences with peers enable children to acquire a wide range of skills, attitudes, and roles that influence their adaptation throughout life.
Peer groups are significant socializers, contributing beyond the influence of family and school because:
1)They satisfy certain belonging needs.
2)They are often preferred to other socializing agents.
3)They influence not only social development, but cognitive and psychological development as well.
Peer groups are significant to human development because they satisfy certain basic needs: the need to belong to a group and interact socially, and the need to develop a sense of self (a personal identity.
Belonging to a peer group enables one to have social interactions with others and have experiences independent of parents or other adult
By school age, opportunities for social interaction increases.
In the middle years, children become more and more dependent on the recognition and approval of their peers, rather than of adults.
Parents affect child-peer relationships by influencing with whom their children interact.
Individuals who do not have normal peer relations are affected in their later psychological development.
Poor peer relations in childhood are linked to later development of neurotic and psychotic behavior and to a greater tendency to drop out of school.
Children learn to compete for status in the peer group by compliance with group norms (follower-ship) and creation of group norms (leadership) at appropriate times.
Children not only learn the importance of conforming to be accepted by the peer group; they also learn through experience such aspects of social competence as the dynamics of power, manipulation, and popularity.
Children are most susceptible to the influence of peers in middle childhood and become less conforming in adolescence.
One important way in which children influence each other is through reinforcement, or giving attention.
Reinforcement is unintentional, but effective.
Children also influence each other through modeling, or imitation. Modeling is related to conformity.
Children are also influenced by each other through punishment— teasing, physical aggression, or rejection by the group.
Children are rejected or punished by peers because of physical characteristics or behavioral characteristic.
Prosocial behavior in peer groups includes peer collaboration, tutoring.