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Qualitative research - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Interview
        -A sterred conversation which aims at gathering information relevant for the research
        -Interviews can be conducted face to face over the telephone or online
        
        Types of interviews
        -Ethnographic interview
        -Unstructured (in depth interview
        -Semi-structured interview
        -Structured interview
        -Group interview- focus group
        
        SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
        One of the most common methods in qualitative methods
        It combines advantages of:
        -Structured interviews (the list of interviews to focus the conversation)
        -In-depth interviews (being open to the issues brought up by interviewees and what's important to them, changing the order of questions, etc)
        
        Funnel technique
        
        Ask an open, descriptive question, preferably about facts
        
        Based on what you heard, ask more detailed questions
        
        Then, ask questions about feelings, opinions, interpretations, reflections related to the facts
        
        Make sure that you exhausted the topic. Then start another topic from your list. Inform your interviewee about the change of the topic to help him/her structure his/her thinking.
        
        Descriptive question
        Descriptive questions aim at eliciting a narrative about concrete events, places etc.
        You should start with open, descriptive questions, because:
        -You will speak with research participants about things they probably didnt reflect about. They dont have ready answers or if they do have- they might be overrationalised.
        -You want to anchor the narrative in concrete facts and then let interviewees reflect on them
        -You want to elicit long, detailed, descriptive narratives about concrete events that will allow you to understand the problem in the broader context and you want participants to use language they usually use.
        
        Types of descriptive questions
        Grand tour questions (journey around places, events, processes): Can you please describe the whole process of producing a product in your organisation?
        Typical- Can you please describe me your typical work day?
        Questions about concrete events- Can you describe the last time you ordered food from this restaurant?
        Tasks- Can you draw the map of your organisation?
        Examples- Can you give me an example of this?
        
        Structure of the interview
        
        Introduction
        Introduce yourself, explain the goal and the context of the research
        Clarify confidentiality issues/ recording
        
        Warm up
        -Ask relevant initial questions (eg collect relevant demographic data)
        
        Main part
        -Ask actual interview questions using techniques described above
        
        Wrap up
        If there are some issues which havent been discussed yet and you need to establish facts, do it now
        Ask an interviewee whether he or she has something important to add
        Say thank you
        
        INTERVIEW: What's next?
        After the interview:
        
        You make a fieldnote
        
        You make a full transcript to have better access to all important details
        
        note down your insights and ideas
        
        Sometimes you may modify your scenario taking into account what you learnt from first interviews- especially on the PILOT STAGE of the research project
        You may also modify your sampling scheme, eg. invite more respondents of some type or re-evaluate your questions and assumptions.
        
        FIELDNOTES
        Date, place of observation, people involved
        
        What happened?
        
        How did I influence action?
        
        How did it change my approach?
        
        How can I interpret what happened?
        
        Data collection to some extent is also data analysis (or pre-analysis)
        
        How specific should I be?
        -Field notes capture the heart of a situation and the feelings of participants with concrete details
        -Field notes are like a dream book. After some time, you may remember a general feeling of a dream, but you wont remember all the details and you may not necessarily remember the sense of it
        
        Research ethics
        As a researcher, you have some duties towards your research project's participants.
        You should inform them they are taking part in the research and ask for permission
        You should ask for permission to record
        In most cases, you should ensure anonymity of participants and confidentiality of information.
        The avoidance of harm (non-maleficence)
        Informed consent
        Ensuring confidentiality
    - - Secondary data include both quantitative and qualitative data. The data you use may be raw data, where there has been little if any processing or compiled data that have received some form of selection or summarising (Kervin 1999)
        
        Types of Secondary dtaa
        Documentary secondary data include written materials such as notices, correspondence (inclusing emails), minutes of meetings, reports to shareholders, diaries, transcripts of speeches and administrative and public records. Written documents can also include books, journal and magazine articles and newspapers, These can be important raw data sources in their own right as well as a storage medium for compiled data.
        Survey based secondary data refers to data collected using a survey strateggy usually by questionnairs that have already been analysed for their original purpose.
        Multiple source secondary data- can be based entirely on documentary or on survey secondary data or can be an amalgam of the two. The key factor is that different data sets have been combined to form another data set prior to your accessing the data.
        
        Advantages of secondary data
        
        May have fewer resource requirements
        
        Unobtrusive
        
        Longitudinal studies may be feasible
        
        Can provide comparative and contextual data
        
        Can result in unforeseen discoveries
        
        Permanence of data
        
        Disadvantages of secondary data
        
        May be collected for a purpose that does not match your need
        
        Access may be difficult or costly
        
        Aggregations and definitions may be unsuitable
        
        No real control over data quality
  - - - Some approaches to coding
        Pre set coding (deductive; theory driven)- coding according to a predefined list of issues with it's definitions (code book). derived from our assumptions and theory.
        Emergent coding (inductive; data-driven)- coding emerging topics that come up in the data and are different than the pre set codes.
        In practice, we tend to combine them.
        
        Example of a pre set code and it's definition:
        RQ: How does organisational culture of the university affect student's motivation?
        Code: Elements of organisational culture: artifacts
        Definition: Covers all organisational artifacts which are elements of organisational culture (based on the definition of Schein
        
        In vivo coding- coding using evocative expressions from the data. Used especially when researchers want to reach the perspective of social actors.
        For example, if during a focus group participants said "When managers talk to us they dont show respect for our experience and knowledge. They talk down to us and treat us like children. Other passages that express similar sentiment would also be coded as "treat us like children"
        
        Memos involve ideas on how particular fragments of data relates to existing literature and theories as well as how they relate to other pieces of data.
        
        We coded. What's next?
        At the next step, we:
        -Compare units of text under the same label
        -Compare emergent and in vivo codes
        Refine categories
        Split or merge categories
        Look for relations between categories
        We want to create a coding tree
        
        Data saturation is reached when additional data collected provides few if any new insights
        Guest et al (2006):
        -Around 12 interviews in homogenous groups
        -Around 25-30 interviews in heterogenous groups and for wide ranging, general research
- - - - INTRODUCTION
        Brief introduction of the problem
        State of the art
        Literature gap/ literature problematisation
        The purpose of the paper
        The content of the paper
        
        LITERATURE REVIEW/ DESK RESEARCH/THEORY
        -State of the art on a given topic
        Case description
        Literature gap/literature problematisation
        Description of theory/concepts that will be used/ developed in analysis
        
        METHODOLOGY
        -Research design
        -Data sample and characteristics
        -Methods of data collection and analysis
        -Validity, reliability and generalisability of the study
        -Ethics and privacy
        
        FINDINGS
        -Descriptive
        -Empirical material ordered in a story which addresses the research purpose
        -Direct quotations, which exemplify findings
        -Use of theoretical concepts to interpret and explain what happens in the field and discussion of how findings from the field extend/ undermine the existing theory
        -Introduction of categories characteristic to the social actors' lifeworlds (eg. crunch).
        
        CONCLUDING SECTION
        Summary
        Conclusions
        Limitations
        Further research
        Implications for the scientific discipline, society, practitioners
        
        Literature review- a process of reading, synthesising and interpreting the existing work in an area (Levy and Ellis 2006).
        An effect of this process
        
        Steps of Literature review as a process
        
        Literature search
        
        Making judgements as for the value of each piece of work
        
        Interpreting and organising findings
        
        Systematic literature review
        Narrative literature review
        
        LITERATURE REVIEW VS. DESK RESEARCH
        Literature research is focused on acquiring theoretical knowledge about a concept or topic whereas desk research is used to gather facts and existing research data that help to answer your research question.