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Constructivism, Behaviorism, Epistimology, Cognitivism, Islamic Education,…
Constructivism
Jerum Bruner:
learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge/ allows the individual to “go beyond the information given”.
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Paulo Friere:
critical thinkers/ allows students to assert themselves as agents of change and develop an appreciation for history/ students should be active instead of being passive.
Jean-Jaques Rousseau:
father of early childhood
education/ believes that teaching
methods should be based on curiosity.
John Milton:
There need to be a clearer consciousness, among teachers and students, of education as a discipline for an active life.
Ibn Tufail:
believes that when a person lives alone he can build his ethics and knowledge, away from the affection of the society.
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Maria Montessori:
importance of self-discovery by the student/ preparation of a good environment of learning/ through observation, the teacher follows and corrects when it needs.
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Peter Gray:
Children come into the world with intrinsic drives to educate themselves./ playing and exploring/ free to learn.
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Rene Descartes:
the job of schools is to make students think/ students centered/ discovery learning theory.
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Behaviorism
Mortimer Jerome Adler:
believes in perennialism: teacher-centered educational philosophy/ all children should have the same aim and desire, also they learn the same ideas and they are at the same levels.
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Thomas Aquinas:
working against a background of fixed religious dogma/ teach students issues that are worthwhile through knowledge of different subjects. The belief of religious faith is also important so that (man) can achieve everlasting life with God.
Albert Bandoura:
believes in learning social education/ students should learn through observation/ positive and negative reinforcement.
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John Locke:
children were born without any knowledge/
the mind is a tabula rasa or blank slate/ Children get knowledge in life and fill up the blank paper/ produces an individual with a sound mind in a sound body.
Al-Ghazali:
gives a big role of the teacher/ teachers are the ones who affect students and help them to leave the bad habits/ let them be mastering in a topic then moving to another one/ the role of the teacher is more important than the parents' one.
Epistimology
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Rudolf Steiner:
human spirits/ knowing the self who does the knowing is the key to knowledge/ natural knowledge.
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Aristotle:
the study of things that exist or happen in the world and rises to the knowledge of the universal
Immanuel Kant:
person nature/ speaks of the thing in itself
as a product of human understanding as it
attempts to conceive of objects in abstraction
from the conditions of sensibility.
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Cognitivism
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Benjamin Bloom::
bloom's taxonomy/ encouraging higher-order thought/ building up the cognitive level skills.
Al Farabi:
believes that learning can't happen without practices/ example: science can't learn if the student didn't apply and practice the rules ad experiments/ students are passive, and always should apply rules/ no creativity/ practical learners.
Al Razi:
treats the child in a different way than adults/ believes that the development of a child is different than that of adults.
Ibin Sina:
the aim of education should be according to the growth of a child mentally, physically, and mentally/ warn from students' playing/ curriculum is divided between practical and theoretical.
Confucious:
change the people by refining their conventional ways of thinking and doing/Transformation and perfection goes beyond skills training and cognitive advancement to character development/students’ cognitive progress.
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Connectivism
A. S. Neill:
freedom to learn/ flexible curriculum/ gives the importance for learners/ learners are valued.
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John Holt:
Children did not need to be coerced into
learning; they would do so naturally if
given the freedom to follow their own
interests and a rich assortment of resources.
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Pragmatism
William James:
believe that reality is constantly changing and that we learn best through applying our experiences and thoughts to solve problems.
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Deschooling
Ivan Illish:
students' thinking shouldn't be limited by anyone/ students learn more outside the school.
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Emotional Intelligence
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Daniel Goleman:
emotional learning and passion/ motivation part/self-awareness, social-awareness...
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Influencer
Hellen Keller:
- inspirational person
- Motivates the blinds to learn
- creates the "Braille" system of writing and reading.
- first blind students who took the bachelor's degree.
- Never giving up