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DNA - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Polypeptides
        (chain of amino acids) which form Proteins
        
        These proteins can then interact with the environment and generally create 4 types of biomolecules
        
        Proteins
        
        When an a poly peptide is made, it then folds into a very particular and precise format. Proteins have 4 ‘levels’ of structure:
        
        Primary structure: Linear sequence (eg amino acid 1-amino acid 2-amino acid 3- etc) like a thread of beads where the beads are the amino acids
        
        Secondary structure: relationship between different amino acids (some repelled some attracted etc) so the thread of beads now becomes bent and shaped (eg into a helix). Different parts of the thread will have different shapes. So many you have one ‘beta sheet’ and one ‘alpha helix’ for example.
        
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        Lipid (oils)
        
        Stearic acid
        
        Aromatic compounds
        
        lignin
        
        Pectin
        
        Nuelic acid
        
        Saccharides
        
        Monosaccharides
        
        Simple singular sugar molecule
        eg. glucose
        easy for organisms to break down
        
        Disacchaarides
        
        groupings of two sugar molecules
        eg. Maltose, lactose, sucrose
        
        Polysaccharides
        
        groupings of three or more sugar molecules
        
        Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose is a polysaccharide homopolymer that consists of only glucose monosaccharides
        
        Used for energy storage, or structure/protection
        
        Glycogen
        
        Energy storage for animals
        alpha bonds between molecules, bonds twists the structure to form a helix.
        Every 10 links a branch is formed from the main chain
        
        Starch
        
        Energy storage for plants
        similar to glycogen it has alpha bonds between molecules
        Amylose starch has no branches
        Amylopectin starch branches every 30 or so links
        
        Cellulose
        
        Gives structure and strength to things
        beta bonds between the glucose molecules, the bonds orientate the molecules in the same direction. long strong chains
        No branches, chains can stack on each other using hydrogen bonds.
        If ingested by humans it is called dietary fibre as it cannot be broken down in human stomachs
        
        Hemicellulose
        
        Found alongside cellulose in plant walls etc but is very different to cellulose.
        Helps to bulk up and link the cellulose to create a matrix
        It is normally hydrophilic so can help to transport and store water
        Hemicellulose is removed when extracting cellulose from plants.
        
        Chitin
        
        Similar structure to cellulose but one of the OH molecules is replaced with NHCOCH3, Chitosan can be refined from this by changing the NHCOCH3 bond with NH2