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Negation, Qustions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - affirmative
        
        He’s outside.
        We’re waiting for you.
        
        I like Colombian coffee.
        They finished early.
        
        They have arrived.
        They had seen the film.
        
        We must leave soon.
        
        I told you to go.
        To stop now would be silly.
        
        Having seen the film, I understand the hype.
        
        negative
        
        He’s not/He isn’t outside.
        We're not/We aren’t waiting.
        
        I don’t like Colombian coffee.
        They didn’t finish early.
        
        They haven’t arrived.
        They hadn’t seen the film.
        
        You mustn’t leave yet.
        
        I told you not to go.
        Not to stop now would be silly.
        
        Not having seen the film, I don't understand the hype.
        
        In short answers with verbs of thinking and believing (think, hope, believe, imagine) we put not after the verb/
        V (thinking, believing: think, hope, believe, imagine) + not
        
        Has Tom decided to call her daughter Brittany after all?’
        I hope not.
  - - - Not many people want to be referees - it's a lot of hassle and not much money.
        Howard found/thought the climb not (too) difficult.
        The tap water here is not unpleasant to drink now they've removed the fluoride. (= not awful, but not nice)
        
        "not" weakens the adjective, but it does not give it the same strength as an adjective with the opposite meaning e.g not difficult is not the same as easy.
        
        The maths exam was easy.
        The maths exam was not too difficult.
        The tap water here is not unpleasant to drink now they're removed the fluoride. (not awful, not nice)
        The tap water here is pleasant to drink (=noice)
  - - - Have you been here before? No, I haven't
        
        I have not been here before. (NOT: I have no been)
        
        They won't get any help from Janice.
        
        They'll get no help from Janice.
        
        Low-impact aerobics is basically no different from the normal type. (=similar to)
        
        Next-day couries is no faster than first-class post. (=isn't faster than)
        
        Come on! This cafe is no more expensive than the one down the road.
        
        no is more emphatic, emotional than not
        
        There isn't reason to change policy at this stage.
        There is no reason to change policy at this state.
  - - - The English village is neither as pleasant nor as unchanging as it's believed to be.
        
        not only
        in the beginning of the sentence but in this case question words order is used
        
        Not only did they monitor the landings, they also recorded all their dates.
        
        two negative words in the same clause - NOT CORRECT
        two negatives is possible, when we make an affirmative (only in some spoken dialects)
        
        Sorry, but I don't know anything about that. I know nothing about that.
        I don't know nothing about Etruscan history - I know a little about it.
  - - - I don't think the later train will be cancelled.
        I thought that you didn't smoke.
        
        with verbs seem, expect, appear + infinitive - we can use either of this pattern
        
        He doesn't appear to be interested. He appears not to be interested.
        
        with verbs tell, ask + infinitive - we change the meaning when we make the introductory verb negative
        
        The doctor told me not to take the pills. (prohibition)
        The doctor didn't tell me to take the pills. (the doctor omitted to tell me)
        
        we don't use hope in this way
        
        1 more item...
- - - - There are few people who believe you. I have little time to watch TV.
        Water the fruit frequently as little rain falls at this time of year. (= almost none)
        There’s always a little rain at this time of year. (= a small amount)
        
        The urban fox seldom ventures into gardens during the day.
        Rarely did the church bells in our village ring out for smth like a wedding.
        It is hardly likely that a thug will wait politely for the police!
        
        we use a positive verb with those words
        we use an affirmative question tag with them
        
        Many managers hardly prepare for meetings at all
        Higher-ranking police officers rarely meet the public these days, do they?
  - - - I fail to understand your motivation for doing this. (=I don't understand)
        Joe denied copying the essay. ( = said he hadn't copied)
        
        can be made negative,
        they can take a negative question tag.
        
        The boy didn't deny copying the homework. (= He admitted it)
        Fran failed her driving test again, didn't she?
  - - - It isn't anti-freeze, it's anti-perspirant!
        
        verbs
        dis-
        mis-
        un-
        de-
        nouns
        anti-
        non-
        in-
        dis-
        de-
        adjectives
        anti-
        in-(il, ir, im-)
        dis-
        non-
        un-
        
        dislike, disconnect, disappear, disapprove
        misunderstand, misinform, mislead, misbehave
        unlock, untie, inpack, uncork, uncover, uncoil
        deregulate, defrost, decentralise, dethrone, devalue.
        anti-freeze, Antichrist, anti-perspirant, anti-climax.
        nonsense, non-smoker, nonfiction, nonconformist
        injustice, inconvenience, inattention, inactivity
        disadvantage, disinformation, dishonesty, disinfectant decentralisation, deforestation, decriminalisation
        anti-clockwise, anti-smoking, anti-social
        incomplete, inconvenient, insecure, incredible (illegal, illegible, irrelevant, irregular, impossible)
        dishonest, disobedient, dissimilar, discourteous.
        non-alcoholic, non-toxic, nonsensical, nonexistent,
        unfair, uncomfortable, unlikely, unavailable, unusual.
- - - - Isn’t the mayor opening the new supermarket after all?
        Why hasn’t Stella contacted her solicitor yet?
        Is the mayor not opening the new supermarket after all?
  - - - Aren’t you a member of a wildlife organisation?
        You were quick. Wasn’t the hairdresser busy? Haven’t astronomers discovered a tenth planet?
        Why didn’t you tell me about your new boyfriend?
        Won’t you come with us to the beach tomorrow? It’ll be fun.
        Don't you think that the new shopping centre is really ugly?
        
        If we agree with a speaker:
        a full answer would use an affirmative verb -yes
        a full answer would use a negative verb - no.
        
        if we contradict with the speaker:
        we should add to the responce an explanstion
        
        Hasn’t the weather been dreadful recently? Yes(it has been dreadful). Wasn't the hairdresser busy? No (she wasn’t busy).
        Wasn't the hairdresser busy?’ Yes, she was actually, but she’s very fast!'
- - - - main verb be, an auxiliary verb (be, do, have) or modal auxliary verb (can, may, will)
        
        Is your brother staying with his friends in Oxford?
        Will you be away for long?
    - - starts with a question word (e.g. who, what, where, how):
        
        What time is Alison arriving this evening?
    - - with simple tenses do/does/did is used an auxiliary.
        
        to be or an auxiliary verb usually precedes the subject
        
        with more than one auxiliary verb, only the first one precedes the subject.
        
        we attach n't to the auxiliary ve
        
        Does this box enable me to receive satellite TV as well as digital?
        
        Have you registered the birth with the authorities yet?
        
        How long had you been living there before the war broke out?
        
        Doesn’t time fly quickly when you're having fun?
  - - - yes/nо answer
        
        Does your sister still live in Canada?' Yes, she does.
        
        In conversation we can use statement word order to check something we think we know or to express surprise.
        
        You’ve sent the tickets?
        You haven’t sent the tickets? Why not?
    - - to find out more information
        
        Why did she leave Canada then?' She couldn’t stand the cold winters.'
        
        which - when the answer will be one of the limited number of alternatives, usually known to both speaker and listener.
        
        what - when there is no limit to the choice
        
        Which cake do you want to try first? (limited choice of cakes)
        What cakes do you like best? (of all cakes; unlimited choice)
        
        preposition + question word - formal use
        
        preposition at the end of the sentences - informal use.
        
        when we precede who with a preposition, we change it to whom.
        
        From whom did the defendant accept the payment?
        Who are you buying the bracelet for?
        
        1 more item...
  - - - 1) Who(subject) invited Jack(object)?
        Who has been drinking my wine?
        What happened at the end of the film?
        2) What did happen at the end of the film?
        3)Who lives in that amazing chateau?
        Who(object) did Meryl(subject) invited?
  - - - Whatever you have done to your hair it looks terrible?
        Who the hell told you that you could take the day off?
        
        ask more information
        question word + else
        
        What else did she say?
        
        express amazement, irritation, when we don't really want an answer (rhetorical question)
        
        Have you seen the price of fish at that supermarket? It's outrageous.
        
        course of action is worthless
        1) What's the point in/use of...?
        
        1 more item...
- - - - "I'm going to Malaysia on business next week." "Are you(really)?"
        "Have you been to the Earth Centre?" "Have I been to what?"
  - - - We went to a really interesting play last night." "Did you?"
        "We've had wonderful news. Jim's just been promoted"
        
        "Has he really?" "Has he?" "How fantastic!"
        
        "That was the best holiday we've ever had!" "Yes, wasn't it?"
- - - - form with do/does/did or the auxiliary verb
        
        3 main types of sentences + tag questions:
        mixed tag question
        1) affirmative + negative tag
        2) negative + affirmative tag
        uniform tag questions
        3) affirmative + affirmative tag :question:
        
        You already know Harrlet, don't you?
        She hasn't had the baby yet, has she?
        He arrived last night then, did she?
        
        affirmative + restrictive adv (hardly) + affirmative tag
        ( if an affirmative sentence contains a negative or ' restrictive' adverb (hardly, scarcely), it takes an affirmative tag.)
        
        modal verbs are repeated in the tag question
        
        There was hardly enough food for everyone at the wedding, was there?
        Parents shouldn't expect their children to agree with their opinion, should they?
      - exceptions and variations
        
        I am - aren't i
        
        need (negation) - doesn't
        
        may/might - mightn't
        
        ought to - shouldn't
        
        Let's - shall
        
        I'm still part of the team, aren’t I?
        He doesn't need to repeat the year, does he? (or: He needn't repeat the year, need he?)
        :warning: We needn't register before the first talk, need we?
        It may/might be fine tomorrow, mightn’t it?
        We really ought to leave now, oughtn’t we? shouldn’t we?
        Let's try that new restaurant, shall we?
        
        have (British English) - hasn't / doesn't
        have (US English) - doesn't
        
        had (past simple) - didn't
        had (past perfect) - hadn't
        
        Oliver has a lot of friends, hasn’t he?/doesn’t he?
        Oliver has a lot of friends, doesn’t he?
        AH and Stefan had another baby last year, didn’t they?
        You had met him before this evening, hadn’t you?
        
        the pronoun in the tag question matches the subject of the sentence
        this - it
        those - they
        nothing - it
        no one - they
        
        exceptions
        someone - they
        nobody - they
        
        1 more item...
    - - mixed tag questions
        with a falling intonation, to ask for confirmation
        with a rising intonation, a genuine request for information
        
        It’s the first of May today, isn’t it? (The speaker believes that this is true and uses a tag question to check.)
        You haven't talked to Jim yet, have you?
        
        uniform question tags
        to respond to something we have heard/seen, as in echo questions
        with a rising intonation, it can express sarcasm
        
        'I'm sorry, but I'm going to have to cancel this evening. I’m still at work.'
        Look. I only paid $ і20 for this dress - it was so cheap!’ ‘Oh, $120 is cheap, is it?’
        
        answer (mixed tag questions)
        Affirmative tag: agreement, contradiction
        Negative tag: agreement or contradiction
        
        John isn't experienced enough to do this job, is he?' 'No, I don't think he is.' 'Actually, yes, he is.'
        You're staying away for two weeks, aren’t you?'
        'Yes, that's right.' 'No, it's three weeks.'
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Can you tell me (introductory question) how long I'll have to wait to see the doctor? (indirect question, how long WILL I have to...)
        
        introductory phrases:
        Сan/Could you tell me
        I'd like to know
        Do you know
        I wonder...
        
        indirect question
        1) statement word order
        2) we can use whether instead of if
        3) we can put or not
        after whether but nor after if
        at the end of the sentence no matter if there are if or whether
        
        Do you know where the nearest bus stop is?
        Do you know whether the date has been confirmed or not?
        I wonder whether or not Mum and Dad have got back from the Bahamaas yet?
        Could you let me know if the gym open on Sunday or not.
        
        Use:
        
        report question
        
        to make question more polite or tentative
        
        The police officer asked the hild whether she could remember her adress.
        Do you know where I can find the impressionist gallery.