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Anatomy - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Visible on the surface of the thalamus
      - Composed of myelinated axons
  - - - Point at which optic nerves from each eye come together
- - - - Fills the subarachnoid space, central canal of the spinal cord and the cerebral ventricles
      - Supports and cushions the brain
      - Produced by the chroid plexuses
    - - Four large internal chambers of the brain
      - Two lateral ventricals
      - Third and fourth ventricle
    - - Mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood to the brain
      - Barrier is a consequence of the special structure of the cerebral blood vessels
      - The vessels are tightly packed, thus forming a barrier to the passage of many molecules
  - - - Small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord
  - - - Outer meninx
      - Tough membrane
    - - Contains many large blood vessels and excess cerbrospinal fluid
    - - Adheres to the surface of the CNS
    - - Inside the dura mater
- - - - Sympathetic nerves
        
        Project from the CNS in the lumbar and the thoraic regions of the spinal cord
        
        Stimualte, organise and mobilise energy resources in threatening situations
        
        Changes are indicative of pscyhological arousal
      - Parasympathetic neurons
        
        Project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord
        
        Act to conserve energy
        
        Changes indicative of psychological relaxation
      - Two stage neural paths
        
        Only go part of the way to the target organs before they synapse on other neurons that carry the signals the rest of the way
      - Each autonomic target organ receives opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic input
- - - - Inferior colliculi
        
        Posterior pair
        
        Auditory function
      - Superior colliculi
        
        Anterior pair
        
        Visiual-motor function, specifically to direct the body's orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli
  - - - Grey matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct, the aqueduct connecting the third and fourth ventricles
      - It has a role in mediating the pain-reducing effects of opoid drugs
    - - Important component of the sensorimotor system
    - - Important component of the sensorimotor system
- - - - The forebrain swelling grows into two different swellings and so does the hindbrain as well.
- - - - Occipital lobe
        
        Responsible for vision and visual processing
      - Parietal lobe
        
        Functional areas
        
        Postcentral gyrus
        
        Analyses sensations from the body
        
        Posterior parts (2) of the parietal lobe
        
        Play roles in perceiving the location of both objects and our own bodies and in directing our attention
      - Frontal lobe
        
        Frontal cortex anterior to the motor cortex
        
        Performs complex cognitive functions such as planing response sequences, evaluating outcomes of potential patterns of behaviour and assessing the significance of the behaviour of others
        
        Functional areas
        
        Adjacent frontal cortex
        
        Precentral gyrus
        
        Play a role in motor function
      - Temporal lobe
        
        Contains the limbic system
        
        Basal ganglia
        
        Plays a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses and decision making
        
        Functional areas
        
        Superior temporal gyrus
        
        Involved in hearing and language
        
        Inferior temporal cortex
        
        identifies complex visual patterns
        
        Medial portion of the temporal lobe
        
        important for certain kinds of memory
    - - Cerebral hemispheres
      - Involved in complex adaptive processes such as learning, perception and motivation
    - - Connection between telencephalon and diencephalon
      - A circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus.
      - Involved in the regulation of motivated behviours- fleeing, feeding, fighting and sexual behaviour
      - Major structures include
        
        Amygdala
        
        Almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe
        
        Involved with emotion, particularly fear
        
        Fornix
        
        Major tract in the limbic system, encircles dorsal thalamus
        
        Cingulate cortex
        
        Large strip of the cortex in the cingulate on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres
        
        Septum
        
        Midline nucleus located at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Hippocampus
        
        Plays a major role in some kinds of memory, particularly memory for spatial location
    - - Small furrows in the convoluted cortex
    - - Ridges between fissures and sulci
    - - Large furrow in the convoluted cortex
      - Longitudinal fissure
      - Cerebral hemispheres are connected by a few tracts spanning the longitudinal fissure
        
        Cerebral commisures
        
        The largest is the corpus callosum
- - - - Axons and dendrites
        
        Few body cells
    - - Densely packed stellate cells
        
        A few small pyramidal cells
    - - Loosely packed stellate cells
        
        Intermediate sized pyramidal cells
    - - Bands of densely packed stellate cells
        
        No pryramidal cells
    - - Very large pyramidal cells
        
        A few loosely packed stellate cells
    - - Pyramidal cells of various sizes
        
        Loosely packed stellate cells
    - - Myelinated pyramidal cell axons
        
        Few cell bodies