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Shoemarks - Coggle Diagram
Shoemarks
Photography of Footwear Impressions
Must use a tripod!
Use a ‘macro’ lens!
Reverse mount on bottom of the tripod arm. Position camera directly over impression.
Align film plane parallel with impression.
Use linear scale.
Focus EVERY shot!
Obilque Lighting
Collection & Preservation
Electrostatis Lifting
Chemical Enhancement
Dusting and Lifting
Optical Enhancement
Photography
Casting
Examination Outcomes
Dissimilar class characteristics = exclusion
Similarities present in class characteristics, similarities of individual characteristics = match
Similarities present in class, not enough detail to distinguish individual = inconclusive
Similarities in class, dissimilar individual = exclusion or inconclusive
Not enough detail to distinguish class characteristics = inconclusive
Impression Evidence
Footwear, Fingerprints, Toolmarks, Rifling marks on bullets and cartridge cases, lip and ear prints, rubber stamps and tyre tracks and bite-marks
Shoes - Class characteristics of sole design and individual characteristics of sole pattern
Bare Feet - Fingerprinting comparasion techniques because the soles of feet have ridge patterns
Socks - the arch pattern may provide identification indications
Making ID's
Questioned Impression
Suspects Shoe
Known impression
Impression Detail
Quality of impression
Quality of recording techniques (photography etc)
Understanding Class and Individual Characteristics
Examination Sequence
If impressions indicate same sole (design, size, shape - proceed further)
If different - Eliminate
Examine Class Characteristics - Always try and eliminate on ground of different class of sold design before looking for matches
Expressing Result
Match = consistent with, degrees of match, evidence significance
Inconclusive
Elimination
Types of impressions
Two dimensional - blood, dust, dirt, mud, voids and oils etc
3 dimensional - negative (impressions into. amedium in mud, sand, soil and snow - positive (raised) and in relief
Points of ID
Certain - Identification
Uncertain - Inconclusive
Blood Impression Enhancement
Lucol Crystal Violent (Dye)
Hungarian Red 530 NM
Individual Characteristics - identifying features (unique)
Example of shoe is used over time, gets worn etc, includes random events - cuts, scratches, abrasions, tears, nails, foreign bodies, air bubbles in the manufacturing, schallamach patterns
Electrostatic Lifting - transfer developed and lifted
Pathfinder - Portable, Uses Mylar Film, used for bank counter floors etc
"The direct physical contact of a shoe with a receiving surface resulting in the transfer of class and possibly individual characteristics" Bill Bodziak
Objectives -to determine whether a particular shoe is the source of the impression, to provide exclusion or linkage evidence
Class Characteristics - intended or unintended eg reebok size 11, Model Z includes sole design, physical size and shape, manufacturing marks, faults or defects, wear patterns - TRY to eliminate on dissimilarities of class
TIP - shoe box info - provides alot of info