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AUTOIMMUNITY, SANDHYA A 191822016 - Coggle Diagram
AUTOIMMUNITY
DEFINITION
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease"
Low-level autoimmunity
While a high level of autoimmunity is unhealthy, a low level of autoimmunity may actually be beneficial. Taking the experience of a beneficial factor in autoimmunity further, one might hypothesize with intent to prove that autoimmunity is always a self-defense mechanism of the mammal system to survive.
The system does not randomly lose the ability to distinguish between self and non-self, the attack on cells may be the consequence of cycling metabolic processes necessary to keep the blood chemistry in homeostasis.
Immunological tolerance
Clonal deletion theory, proposed by Burnet, according to which self-reactive lymphoid cells are destroyed during the development of the immune system in an individual.
Clonal anergy theory, proposed by Nossal, in which self-reactive T- or B-cells become inactivated in the normal individual and cannot amplify the immune response.
Idiotype network theory, proposed by Jerne, wherein a network of antibodies capable of neutralizing self-reactive antibodies exists naturally within the body
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Genetic factors
Certain individuals are genetically susceptible to developing autoimmune diseases. This susceptibility is associated with multiple genes plus other risk factors.
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HLA DR2 is strongly positively correlated with systemic lupus erythematosus, narcolepsyand multiple sclerosis, and negatively correlated with DM Type 1.
HLA DR3 is correlated strongly with Sjögren syndrome, myasthenia gravis, SLE, and DM Type 1.
HLA DR4 is correlated with the genesis of rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, and pemphigus vulgaris.
Sex
There is some evidence that a person's sex may also have some role in the development of autoimmunity; that is, most autoimmune diseases are sex-related.
A few autoimmune diseases that men are just as or more likely to develop as women include: ankylosing spondylitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Crohn's disease, Primary sclerosing cholangitis and psoriasis.
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Classification
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Local syndromes
Endocrinologic: diabetes mellitus type 1, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease
Gastrointestinal: Crohn's disease, pernicious anaemia
Dermatologic: pemphigus vulgaris, vitiligo
Haematologic: autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Neurological: multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune encephalitis, gluten atax
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