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HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE, SANDHYA A 191822016 - Coggle Diagram
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
DEFINITION
Humoral immunity or humoural immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides.
MECHANISM
In humoral immune response, first the B cells mature in the bone marrow and gain B-cell receptors (BCR's) which are displayed in large number on the cell surface.
These membrane-bound protein complexes have antibodies which are specific for antigen detection. Each B cell has a unique antibody that binds with an antigen. The mature B cells migrate from the bone marrow to the lymph nodes or other lymphatic organs, where they begin to encounter pathogens.
B cell activation
When a B cell encounters an antigen, the antigen is bound to the receptor and taken inside the B cell by endocytosis. The antigen is processed and presented on the B cell's surface again by MHC-II proteins.
B cell proliferation
The B cell waits for a helper T cell (TH) to bind to the complex. This binding will activate the TH cell, which then releases cytokines that induce B cells to divide rapidly, making thousands of identical clones of the B cell.
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IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
Immunological memory refers to the ability of B and T cells to produce long-lived memory cells that defend against specific pathogens.
Passive Memory
Newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to infections since they have no prior exposure to pathogens.
Since the fetus isn’t making any memory cells or antibodies, this is called passive immunity. Passive immunity is short-lived, ranging from a couple days to a couple months.
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ANTIBODY
An antibody is a Y-shaped protein produced by B cells to identify and neutralize antigens in the body.
An antibody (formally called immunoglobulin) is a large Y-shaped glycoprotein produced by B-cells and used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens. Antibodies are produced by B cells, and are either secreted into circulation or remain expressed on the surface of the B cell.
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