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Development of Body Systems - Coggle Diagram
Development of Body Systems
Skeletal
Prenatal
embryo has cartilage model of skeleton
ossification begins at primary ossification centers
midportions of long bones
Childhood and Adolescence
growth at secondary ossification centers
end of bones
increase in bone girth
appositional bone growth
traction epiphyses are where muscle tendons attach to bones
cessation of bone growth
stops at different times for different bones
all close by 18 or 19
Adults
remodeling through lifespan
old bone is absorbed new bone is formed
growth slows
fails to keep base with reabsorption
bones become britle
Assessment of Skeletal Age
hand and wrist xray
compared with standards
matched with picture for ossification at ends of long bones and round bones
Muscular System
Prenatal development
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
increase in diameter and length by the addition of sarcomeres
Childhood and Adolescence
mainly involves hypertrophy
difference between sexes
Adults
loss of muscle mass is minimal until 50
by 80 30% of muscle mass is lost
loss occurs in the number and size of muscle fibers
Muscle fiber type
birth
15-20% are undifferentiated
1 year
similar to adult
exact proportions vary
Cardiac Muscle
birth
r ventricle is larger but left catches up
heart and blood vessel size are appropriate for body size in childhood
old age
lose elasticity
valves become more fibrotic
Adipose
Prenatal
appears at about 3.5 mo
increases rapidly that last 2 mo
accounts for 0.5 kg of body weigh at birth
Childhood and Adolescence
increase rapidly until 6 mo then gradually until 8 mo.
fat increases more dramatically in girls
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
Fat Distribution
changes with growth
children have more internal
subcutaneous fat increase from 6 or 7 until 12 or 13
Adulthood
both men and women gain but it is not inevitable
increases in trunk fat are notable
subcutaneous on limbs decreases