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Transport and Enzymes, image - Coggle Diagram
Transport and Enzymes
Enzymes
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
- Triose, e.g Glyceraldehyde
- Pentose, e.g Ribose. Important for making DNA and
RNA.
- Hexose, e. Fructose. Important for making disaccharides. Used by the body for energy.
Disaccharides
- Maltose Monomer 1: α-glucose Monomer 2: fructose
Use:Table sugar
- Lactose Monomer 1: galactose Monomer 2: α-glucose
Use: Milk sugar
- Sucrose. Monomer 1: α-glucose. Monomer 2: α-glucose.
Use: Product of starch digestion
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Lipids
- Triglyceride: Important for insulation, energy store and protecting delicate organs. Made from glycerol and three fatty acids.
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- Phospholipid: Main component of cell membranes. Heads face out, tails face in.
Hydrophilic – head
Hydrophobic -tails
- Steroids: All steroids contain 4 rings. Steroids include oestrogen and testosterone which are made from cholesterol. Cholesterols is vial component of cell membranes.
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Substrate complex - The enzyme substrate complex is a temporary molecule formed when an enzyme comes into perfect contact with its substrate. Without its substrate an enzyme is a slightly different shape. The substrate causes a conformational change, or shape change, when the substrate enters the active site.
Denaturing - Higher temperatures disrupt the shape of the active site, which will reduce its activity, or prevent it from working. The enzyme will have been denatured . ... The enzyme, including its active site, will change shape and the substrate no longer fit. The rate of reaction will be affected, or the reaction will stop.
Transport
Facilitated Diffusion – involves the movement of mainly water soluble substances that cannot move through the
bilayer so move via special proteins.
Simple Diffusion – involves small lipid soluble molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Particles need to move through the bilayer so need to be small and lipid soluble.
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Active Transport – involve movement of substances from a lower concentration to a higher concentration against
the concentration gradient. This is carried out by proteins and needs energy in the form of ATP to take place.
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Osmosis – movement of water from a region of high water concentration (water potential) with which is more dilute to a region of low water concentration (water potential) which is less dilute across the partially permeable cell membrane.
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Endocytosis and Exocytosis – this is the bulk transport of large molecules in and out of a cell and requires a lot of energy.
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