8 Morphology 3
Morphological Typology
Grammatical morphology is one of the criteria used by linguists to classify human languages into types
Typology
def
classification of languages by structures
language types
Inflected languages
use bound portmanteau morphs to express grammatical information
Isolating languages
use free grammatical morphemes and constituent order to express grammatical information
Agglutinative languages
use chains of morphemes (one meaning each) to express grammatical information
English is in between inflected and isolating, moving towards isolating
vs
grammatical
lexical
difference between grammatical and lexical is a continuum rather than clear division (like in prototype theory, classification)
ex
Plural s more grammatical than the genitive
vs
several Queens of England
The Queen of England's big secret
The gerund is more grammatical than other verbal nouns, it is fully productive and semantically predictable
vs
adding
addition
the gerund also preserves the construction of the verb..
Grammatical Morphology
Grammaticalisation
Semantic bleaching
The lexical meaning becomes less specific and thus compatible with new contexts
vs
she is going to canada
she is going to marry Bill
I am going to stay
it's going to rain
Reanalysis
the former main verb go is increasingly perceived as an auxiliary for the following infinitive
Phonological reduction
the unstressed grammatical construction develops a weak form
she gonna marry
NOT she gonna canada
Interplay of grammatical categories 
the modal (may) is unmarked for person, number tense and mood
auxiliaries(helpers)
contributing grammatical information to the overall meaning of the phrase
ex
have
been
Important:
Implicit Information
Where a functional slot exists, 0 is not just nothing..
ex
no plural ending
<-
Singular
Syntactic use of grammatical marking
Agreement
this picture-these pictures
I am - you are - she is
Agree in PERSON and NUMBER
agree in NUMBER
def
when several word forms in a construction are marked for the same grammatical category
English Agreement
Subject-Verb-Concord
ex
he answers
Government
One word requires a certain grammatical category in another word that syntactically depends on it
ex
he sees her (not he sees she)
verb assigns CASE
for us (not for we)
preposition assigns CASE
going to -> almost like "will"...